Table 2.
Descriptive analysis of the covariables for seroincident cases
| Variables | Total n = 274 | Seronegative cases n = 220 | Concomitant seroincident cases against Rickettsia-Leptospira n = 3 | Seroincident cases against Rickettsia n = 14 | Seroincident cases against Leptospira n = 37 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
|
| |||||
| Individual level | |||||
|
| |||||
| Age (years)- Median (IQR) | 34.78 (18.20-52.02) | 33.70 (18.01–50.13) | 31.83 (8.69–56.99) | 44.46 (18.61–54) | 41.44 (21.08–53.68) |
|
| |||||
| Sex (males) | 83 (30.29) | 69 (31.36) | 0 | 3 (21.43) | 11 (29.73) |
|
| |||||
| Ethnicity (Amerindians or afro-descendant) | 17 (6.23) | 15 (6.82) | 0 | 0 | 2 (5.56) |
|
| |||||
| Outdoor occupation | 79 (28.83) | 61 (27.73) | 1 (33.33) | 4 (28.57) | 13 (35.14) |
|
| |||||
| Time of residence in the area (years)- Median (IQR) | 13 (7–22) | 13 (7–23) | 11 (8–16) | 11 (5–16) | 14 (8–21) |
|
| |||||
| Fever history in the last year | 14 (5.51) | 11 (5.0) | 1 (33.33) | 2 (14.29) | 0 |
|
| |||||
| Household level | |||||
|
| |||||
| Household location (urban) | 127 (46.35) | 104 (47.27) | 2 (66.67) | 7 (50) | 14 (37.84) |
|
| |||||
| Proximity among houses | 64 (23.36) | 51 (23.18) | 1 (33.33) | 5 (35.71) | 7 (18.92) |
| Widely dispersed | 55 (20.07) | 41 (18.64) | 1 (33.33) | 2 (14.29) | 11 (29.73) |
| Dispersed | 62 (28.18) | 1 (33.33) | 2 (14.29) | 9 (24.32) | |
| concentrated | 74 (27.01) | 66 (30.0) | 0 | 5 (35.71) | 10 (27.03) |
| widely concentrated | 81 (29.56) | ||||
|
| |||||
| Soil floor | 187 (68.25) | 144 (65.45) | 3 (100) | 11 (78.57) | 29 (78.38) |
|
| |||||
| Concrete floor | 112 (40.88) | 97 (44.09) | 1 (33.33) | 5 (35.71) | 9 (24.32) |
|
| |||||
| Tile floor | 16 (5.84) | 13 (5.91) | 0 | 1 (7.14) | 2 (5.41) |
|
| |||||
| Wood floor | 23 (8.39) | 22 (10) | 1 (33.33) | 0 | 0 |
|
| |||||
| Concrete wall | 83 (30.29) | 73 (33.18) | 0 | 4 (28.57) | 6 (16.22) |
|
| |||||
| Wood wall | 246 (89.78) | 196 (89.09) | 3 (100) | 13 (92.86) | 34 (91.89) |
|
| |||||
| Bamboo wall | 2 (0.73) | 1 (0.45) | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.70) |
|
| |||||
| Bahareque wall | 2 (0.73) | 1 (0.45) | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.70) |
|
| |||||
| Vegetal roof | 136 (49.64) | 106 (48.18) | 1 (33.33) | 8 (57.14) | 21 (56.76) |
|
| |||||
| Zinc roof | 181 (66.06) | 144 (65.45) | 3 (100) | 11 (78.57) | 23 (62.16) |
|
| |||||
| Variables | Total n = 274 | Seronegative cases n = 220 | Concomitant seroincident cases against RickettsiaLeptospira n = 3 | Seroincident cases against Rickettsia n = 14 | Seroincident cases against Leptospira n = 37 |
|
| |||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
|
| |||||
| Tile roof | 15 (5.47) | 15 (6.82) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|
| |||||
| Wood roof | 24 (8.76) | 20 (9.09) | 0 | 0 | 4 (10.81) |
|
| |||||
| Garbage disposure area | 142 (51.82) | 119 (54.09) | 2 (66.67) | 7 (50) | 14 (37.84) |
|
| |||||
| Presence of septic tank | 30 (10.95) | 19 (8.64) | 0 | 4 (28.57) | 7 (18.92) |
|
| |||||
| Presence of toilet | 130 (47.45) | 106 (48.18) | 1 (33.33) | 7 (50) | 16 (43.24) |
|
| |||||
| Aqueduct service | 146 (53.28) | 119 (54.09) | 2 (66.67) | 10 (71.43) | 15 (40.54) |
|
| |||||
| Sewerage service | 34 (12.41) | 30 (13.64) | 1 (33.33) | 0 | 3 (8.11) |
|
| |||||
| Light service | 270 (98.54) | 219 (99.55) | 3 (100) | 13 (92.86) | 35 (94.59) |
|
| |||||
| Presence of peri-domicile domestic animals | |||||
|
| |||||
| Canines | 161 (58.76) | 129 (58.64) | 2 (66.67) | 6 (42.86) | 24 (64.86) |
|
| |||||
| Felines | 170 (62.04) | 134 (60.91) | 3 (100) | 10 (71.43) | 23 (62.16) |
|
| |||||
| Equids | 147 (53.65) | 117 (53.18) | 2 (66.67) | 9 (64.29) | 19 (12.93) |
|
| |||||
| Horses | 81 (29.56) | 64 (29.09) | 2 (66.67) | 5 (35.71) | 10 (27.03) |
|
| |||||
| Mules | 34 (12.41) | 30 (13.64) | 0 | 2 (14.29) | 2 (5.41) |
|
| |||||
| Donkeys | 89 (32.48) | 71 (32.27) | 2 (66.67) | 3 (21.43) | 13 (35.14) |
|
| |||||
| Pigs | 135 (49.27) | 110 (50) | 1 (33.33) | 5 (35.71) | 19 (51.35) |
|
| |||||
| Chickens | 197 (71.90) | 164 (74.55) | 2 (66.67) | 7 (50) | 24 (64.86) |
|
| |||||
| Turkeys | 66 (24.09) | 52 (23.64) | 1 (33.33) | 3 (21.43) | 10 (27.03) |
|
| |||||
| Zootechnie purpose of domestic animals | |||||
|
| |||||
| Companion canines | 154 (56.20) | 124 (56.36) | 2 (66.67) | 6 (42.86) | 22 (59.46) |
|
| |||||
| Hunting canines | 10 (3.65) | 7 (3.18) | 0 | 0 | 3 (8.11) |
|
| |||||
| Meat pigs | 116 (42.34) | 94 (42.73) | 1 (33.33) | 5 (35.71) | 16 (43.24) |
|
| |||||
| Breeding pigs | 64 (23.36) | 48 (21.82) | 1 (33.33) | 4 (28.57) | 11 (29.73) |
|
| |||||
| Companion pigs | 4 (146) | 3 (1.36) | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.70) |
|
| |||||
| Variables | Total n = 274 | Seronegative cases n = 220 | Concomitant seroincident cases against RickettsiaLeptospira n = 3 | Seroincident cases against Rickettsia n = 14 | Seroincident cases against Leptospira n = 37 |
|
| |||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
|
| |||||
| Meat chickens | 110 (40.15) | 91 (41.36) | 2 (66.67) | 5 (35.71) | 12 (32.43) |
|
| |||||
| Eggs chickens | 157 (57.30) | 131 (59.55) | 2 (66.67) | 5 (35.71) | 19 (51.35) |
|
| |||||
| Companion chickens | 11 (4.01) | 8 (3.64) | 0 | 0 | 3 (8.11) |
|
| |||||
| Meat turkeys | 55 (20.07) | 44 (20) | 1 (33.33) | 3 (21.43) | 7 (18.92) |
|
| |||||
| Eggs turkeys | 48 (17.52) | 37 (16.82) | 1 (33.33) | 3 (21.43) | 7 (18.92) |
|
| |||||
| Companion turkeys | 3 (1.09) | 2 (0.91) | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.70) |
|
| |||||
| Pack horses | 57 (20.80) | 43 (19.55) | 1 (33.33) | 4 (28.57) | 9 (24.32) |
|
| |||||
| Dairy horses | 30 (10.95) | 26 (11.82) | 1 (33.33) | 1 7.14) | 2 (5.41) |
|
| |||||
| Companion horses | 8 (2.92) | 6 (2.73) | 1 (33.33) | 1 (7.14) | 0 |
|
| |||||
| Pack donkeys | 88 (32.12) | 70 (31.82) | 2 (66.67) | 3 (21.43) | 13 (35.14) |
|
| |||||
| Companion donkeys | 1 (0.36) | 1 (0.45) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|
| |||||
| Pack mules | 33 (12.04) | 29 (13.18) | 0 | 2 (14.29) | 2 (5.41) |
|
| |||||
| Dairy mules | 5 (1.82) | 5 (2.27) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|
| |||||
| Presence of ectoparasites, synanthropic and wild mammals | |||||
|
| |||||
| Intra-domicile rodents | 212 (77.37) | 166 (75.45) | 2 (66.67) | 12 (85.71) | 32 (86.49) |
|
| |||||
| Peri-domicile opossums | 151 (55.31) | 127 (57.73) | 1 (33.33) | 7 (50) | 16 (44.44) |
|
| |||||
| Pero-domicile wild mammals | 43 (16.41) | 34 (16.19) | 1 (33.33) | 2 (14.29) | 6 (17.14) |
|
| |||||
| Intra-domicile tick infestation | 85 (31.02) | 71 (32.27) | 1 (33.33) | 4 (28.57) | 9 (24.32) |
|
| |||||
| Crops and vegetation in peri-domicile | |||||
|
| |||||
| Corn | 4 (146) | 2 (0.91) | 0 | 0 | 2 (5.41) |
|
| |||||
| Yucca | 21 (7.66) | 14 (6.36) | 0 | 1 (7.14) | 6 (16.22) |
|
| |||||
| Yam | 9 (3.28) | 6 (2.73) | 0 | 0 | 3 (3.28) |
|
| |||||
| Tomato | 5 (1.82) | 4 (1.82) | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.70) |
|
| |||||
| Cocoa | 12 (4.38) | 9 (4.09) | 0 | 1 (7.14) | 2 (5.41) |
|
| |||||
| Variables | Total n = 274 | Seronegative cases n = 220 | Concomitant seroincident cases against RickettsiaLeptospira n = 3 | Seroincident cases against Rickettsia n = 14 | Seroincident cases against Leptospira n = 37 |
|
| |||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
|
| |||||
| Banana | 31 (11.31) | 24 (10.91) | 1 (33.33) | 3 (21.43) | 3 (8.11) |
|
| |||||
| Trees | 254 (92.70) | 203 (92.27) | 2 (66.67) | 13 (92.86) | 36 (97.30) |
|
| |||||
| Shrubbery | 254 (92.70) | 206 (93.64) | 2 (66.67) | 13 (92.86) | 33 (89.19) |
|
| |||||
| Pastureland | 146 (53.28) | 118 (53.64) | 2 (66.67) | 5 (35.71) | 21 (56.76) |
|
| |||||
| Attitudes and practices | |||||
|
| |||||
| Deforestation practices | 170 (62.04) | 135 (61.36) | 2 (66.67) | 9 (64.29) | 24 (64.86) |
|
| |||||
| Use of long-sleeved shirt | 67 (24.45) | 52 (23.64) | 0 | 5 (35.71) | 10 (27.03) |
|
| |||||
| Use of white clothes | 198 (72.26) | 161 (73.18) | 2 (66.67) | 10 (71.43) | 25 (67.57) |
|
| |||||
| Canine cleaning | 50 (18.25) | 39 (17.73) | 1 (33.33) | 3 (21.43) | 7 (18.92) |
|
| |||||
| Tick removal | 117 (42.07) | 88 (40) | 2 (66.67) | 10 (71.43) | 17 (45.95) |