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. 2024 Jan 4;14(1):109. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics14010109

Table 2.

Summary of associated works includes all fields of study, study aim, pros, and cons or challenges.

No. References Field of Study Study Aim Pros Cons, Challenge(s)
1 [38] Surgery, Implications, Ethical Considerations. Assess AI’s Impact on Surgery.
  • Improved Surgical Efficiency.

  • Enhanced Diagnostic Capabilities.

  • Refinement of Intra-operative Techniques.

  • Long-term Complication Reduction.

  • Advancements in Patient Experiences.

  • Potential Patient Harm.

  • Undermining Medical Provider Roles.

  • Layman Misuse and Interventions.

  • Safety and Ethical Concerns.

  • Patient Data Vulnerability.

  • This study aims to evaluate the impact of AI in surgery, highlighting both its potential benefits and drawbacks.

2 [23] Medical, education. Integrate ChatGPT into Medical Education.
  • Clinical Reasoning Enhancement.

  • Simplified Explanations and Mnemonics.

  • Effective Practice Question Assistance.

  • Improved Patient Communication Skills.

  • Enhanced Differential Diagnosis Skills.

  • AI-Generated Learning Reinforcement.

  • Ethical Concerns and Discussions.

  • Variable Reliability and Accuracy.

  • Reduced Human Interaction Impact.

  • Technical Glitches Disruption Potential.

  • Depersonalised Learning Experience Risk.

  • Contextual Understanding Limitations.

3 [6] Healthcare Education, Research, Practice. To assess the utility of ChatGPT in healthcare education, research, and practice, highlighting its potential advantages and limitations.
  • Improved Scientific Writing.

  • Enhanced Research Equity and Versatility.

  • Efficient Healthcare Data Analysis.

  • Code Generation for Research.

  • Streamlined. Healthcare Workflow.

  • Personalised Medicine Application.

  • Improved Health Literacy.

  • Enhanced Health Care Education.

  • Incorrect Citations.

  • Ethical Concerns.

  • Copyright and Legal Issues.

  • Transparency Challenges.

  • Risk of Bias and Plagiarism.

  • Inaccurate or Hallucinatory Content.

  • Limited Knowledge Base.

  • Incorrect Citations.

  • Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities.

  • Potential for Misinformation.

4 [81] medicine, ChatGPT. Questioning AI, Role in Medicine.
  • Enhancing Efficiency Over Time.

  • Technological Advancement.

  • Potential Promising Applications.

  • Evolution of AI Capabilities.

  • Enhancing Efficiency Over Time.

  • Lack of Clear Purpose.

  • Captivity to Trends and Fashions.

  • Uncertainty About AI Maturity.

  • Ethical and Qualification Concerns.

  • Lack of Clear Purpose.

  • Need for Evidence and Progress.

5 [41] Healthcare. Explore ChatGPT’s Role in Medicine.
  • Technological Innovation in Medicine.

  • Enhanced Clinical Practice Guidelines.

  • Evidence-Based Approach.

  • Access to Personalised Insights.

  • Support for Healthcare Professionals.

  • Efficient Data-Driven Insights.

  • Reduced Research Effort.

  • Accelerated Guideline Creation.

  • Not a Substitute for Professionals.

  • Need for Human Expertise.

  • Potential Ethical Considerations.

6 [31] Medicine. Explore AI’s Impact on Paediatric Research.
  • Revolutionising Medicine with AI.

  • Improved Clinical Decision Making.

  • Enhanced Medical Education.

  • Accelerated Drug Development.

  • Better Research Outcomes.

  • Advancement in AI Language Models.

  • Bias and Fairness Concerns.

  • Safety and Security Issues.

  • Overreliance on Technology.

  • Ethical Considerations.

  • Potential Negative Effects.

7 [32] Medical
Imaging, Radiologist.
Aims to explore the challenges faced in communicating radiation risks and benefits of radiological examinations, especially in cases involving vulnerable groups like pregnant women and children.
  • Promoting Radiation Protection.

  • Justification and Optimisation of Exams.

  • Confident Communication with Physicians.

  • Enhanced Patient Informed Decision Making.

  • Focus on Pregnant Women, Childbearing Age, Children.

  • Building Trust and Reassurance.

  • Patient-Centred Care.

  • Uncomfortable Patient Discussions.

  • Challenges with Pregnant Women, Children.

  • Addressing Radiation Risks.

  • Difficulty in Communicating Benefits.

  • Overcoming Fear and Misconceptions.

  • Impact of Personal Trauma on Decisions.

8 [82] medical examination, records, Chinese education. To assess ChatGPT’s performance in understanding Chinese medical knowledge, its potential as an electronic health infrastructure, and its ability to improve medical tasks and interactions, while acknowledging challenges related to hallucinations and ethical considerations.
  • Chinese Medical Knowledge Assessment.

  • Electronic Health Infrastructure Potential.

  • Performance in Medical Exams and Records.

  • Improved Accuracy with GPT-4.

  • High Verbal Fluency.

  • Logical Coherence in Discharge Summaries.

  • Positive Human-Computer Interaction.

  • GPT-4’s Advancements over GPT-3.5.

  • Hallucination Challenges.

  • Legal and Ethical Concerns.

9 [83] Infectious Disease. This study aims to evaluate the potential utilisation of ChatGPT in clinical practice and scientific research of infectious diseases, along with discussing relevant social and ethical implications.
  • Humanistic AI Interaction.

  • Rapid User Adoption.

  • Potential Clinical and Research Use.

  • Enhanced Disease Management Ideas.

  • Quick Processing of Commands.

  • Wide Public Engagement.

  • Ethical and Social Concerns.

  • Privacy and Data Security Risks.

10 [84] Medical, Test (Turing). To evaluate the feasibility of using AI-based chatbots like ChatGPT for patient–provider communication, focusing on distinguishing responses, patient trust, and implications for healthcare interactions.
  • Chatbot Use for Patient–Provider Communication.

  • Potential for Answering Low-Risk Health Questions.

  • Patient Trust in Chatbot Functions.

  • Study on Chatbot Interaction in Healthcare.

  • Insights into Patient–Chatbot Perception.

  • Challenges in Distinguishing Responses.

  • Limitations in Correct Source Identification.

  • Variability in Patient Trust Levels

  • Implications of Health-Related Complexity.

11 [85] Medical applications. Promoting Sustainable Practices in Medical 5G Communication.
  • Improved Patient Monitoring.

  • Enhanced Care Co-ordination.

  • Early Disease Detection.

  • Patient Empowerment.

  • Better Healthcare and Outcomes.

  • Solar-Powered Emergency Backup.

  • Utilisation of AI (ChatGPT).

  • Climate Change Awareness.

  • Local Variability in Design.

  • Power Supply Challenges.

  • Dependence on Resources.

12 [86] Patient Outcomes, Healthcare. To investigate the potential applications of humanoid robots in the medical industry, considering their role during the COVID-19 pandemic and future possibilities, while emphasising the irreplaceable importance of human healthcare professionals and the complementary nature of robotics.
  • Assistance During Pandemic Situations.

  • Constant Developments in Humanoid Robotics.

  • Versatile Use in Various Industries.

  • Potential Role in Medical Sector.

  • Future Applications in Healthcare.

  • Complementing Healthcare Initiatives.

  • Indispensable Role of Human Professionals.

  • Limitations in Knowledge and Empathy.

  • Need for Human Critical Judgment.

  • Robots as Complementary, Not Full Replacements.

13 [87] Medical. Evaluating AI as Collaborative Research Partners.
  • Advanced Technological Support.

  • Effective Knowledge Creation.

  • Identifying Unseen Data Relationships.

  • Synthesising and Explaining Information.

  • Compliance with ICMJE Recommendations.

  • Potential for AI as Co-Authors.

  • Enhanced Academic Endeavours.

  • Ethical and Attribution Concerns

  • Human Oversight and Responsibility.

14 [88] Medicine, History. To explore the importance of simplifying operations and creating user-friendly interfaces in AI-based medical applications, drawing insights from the success of ChatGPT and its impact on user adoption and clinical practice.
  • Improved Clinical Practice Applications.

  • Increased AI Algorithm Development.

  • Potential for Clinically Used Products.

  • Lessons from ChatGPT’s Popularity.

  • Emphasis on User-Friendly Interfaces.

  • Simplification of Operations.

  • Complexity of AI Integration.

  • Technical and Usability Challenges.

15 [89] medical, education. The aim of this specific aspect of the study is to critically analyse the manuscript and offer valuable feedback to improve its content, quality, and overall presentation.
  • Convenient Use of AI Models.

  • Rapid and Time-Efficient Medical Writing.

  • Assistance in Literature Searches and Draft Creation.

  • Potential to Assist Medical Education and Clinical Decision Making.

  • Potential for Quick Content Generation in Research.

  • Lack of Critical Thinking and Redundant Information.

  • Potential for Cheating in Education.

  • Erosion of Students’ Original Idea Generation.

  • Accountability and Ethical Concerns.

  • Medicolegal and Copyright Issues.

  • Methodological Biases and Inaccuracies.

  • Limited Access to Updated Training Data.

  • Dependence on Restricted Databases.

  • Limited Real-Time Information Extraction Capability.

  • Lack of Clinical Reasoning and Critical Thinking in Content.

  • Need for Human Oversight and Policies.

16 [11] Dental assistant, Nurse. To explores AI’s impact on dental assistants and nurses in orthodontic practices, examining evolving treatment workflows.
  • AI enhances treatment precision and personalisation.

  • Automation of assessments saves time.

  • AI can assist in identifying treatment progress.

  • Potential for improved patient engagement.

  • New roles for dental assistants and nurses.

  • Can streamline administrative tasks.

  • May lead to more efficient and effective care.

  • Raises ethical and legal concerns.

  • Dependence on AI may reduce critical thinking.

  • Patient trust in AI may vary.

  • Implementation costs and training needed.

  • Privacy and security risks with patient data.

  • Potential for job displacement.

  • Need for ongoing AI regulation and oversight.

17 [33] ultrasound image guidance. To assess the potential of using the Segment Anything Model (SAM) for intelligent ultrasound image guidance. It explores the application of SAM in accurately segmenting ultrasound images and discusses its potential contribution to a framework for autonomous and universal ultrasound image guidance.
  • Improved accuracy in ultrasound image segmentation.

  • SAM could enhance the precision of medical procedures.

  • Potential for reducing human error in image guidance.

  • Advances in natural language processing (ChatGPT) and image segmentation (SAM) benefit medical practice.

  • Universal ultrasound image guidance could improve accessibility to quality healthcare.

  • Automation could lead to more efficient medical procedures.

  • Dependence on AI algorithms introduces a level of uncertainty.

  • Implementation may require significant computational resources.

  • Ethical and legal concerns regarding patient safety and consent.

  • Need for ongoing training and validation of AI models.

  • Potential for misinterpretation or errors in AI-generated guidance.

  • Regulatory challenges related to AI-driven medical applications.

  • Patient trust in AI-driven medical procedures may vary.

18 [90] Health records. Evaluate electronic medical records. (EMRs) foundation. models.
  • Potential for improved patient care and hospital operations.

  • Limited understanding of capabilities, small datasets, unclear usefulness to health systems.

19 [91] Rheumatology. Explore ChatGPT’s potential in rheumatology.
  • Rapid spread, versatile applications, efficient text generation.

  • Questions about convenience.

  • Societal implications.

  • Concerns about previous algorithms.

20 [40] Medical Research. Evaluate ChatGPT’s impact on medical research.
  • Potential for innovative research.

  • Efficiency in literature review writing.

  • Assistance in drug development.

  • Improvement in medical report quality.

  • Facilitation of data analysis.

  • Personalised medicine applications.

  • Accuracy and reliability concerns.

  • Potential lack of originality.

  • Ethical considerations.

  • Academic integrity challenges.

  • Need for thorough validation.

  • Limited studies and evidence.

21 [92] Clinical Practice. Explore ChatGPT’s applications and implications in clinical practice.
  • Accurate differential diagnosis lists.

  • Enhanced clinical decision making.

  • Improved clinical decision support.

  • Reliable disease information.

  • Efficient medical documentation.

  • Potential for real-time monitoring.

  • Precision medicine possibilities.

  • Integration with. healthcare systems.

  • Ethical and legal concerns.

  • Accuracy and reliability issues.

  • Potential for misinformation.

  • Dependence on AI reliability.

  • Loss of human touch in care.

  • Limited human judgment.

  • Privacy and data security risks.

22 [93] Bioethics. Explore bioethical implications of ChatGPT.
  • Raises awareness of ethical concerns.

  • Examines parallel with medical AI.

  • Addresses data ownership and consent.

  • Considers data representativeness.

  • Highlights privacy challenges.

  • Explores AI’s impact on informed consent.

  • Addresses risks of medical deepfakes.

  • Discusses equitable access issues.

  • Considers environmental implications.

  • Empowers patients and knowledge democratisation.

  • Uncertainty in social implications.

  • Complex ethical dilemmas.

  • Potential for misinformation.

  • Ethical risks in AI development.

  • Challenges of AI dominance races.

  • Need for updated ethical frameworks.