Fig 8. Piscidin and pisicidin-vancomycin co-treatment damage the cell envelope allowing cytoplasmic leakage.

Representative TEM images of (A) untreated C. difficile (B) C. difficile treated with vancomycin (C, E) C. difficile treated with p1-Cu²⁺ (D, F) C. difficile treated with p1-Cu²⁺ and vancomycin. Scale bars represent 1 μm in each panel. (G) Statistical analysis of the cells that were lysed after treatment with vancomycin, p1-Cu²⁺, or vancomycin + p1-Cu²⁺. *** indicates p<0.0002 based on a proportion z-test.