Fig. 4.

Illustration of how varying the modulus $\left({\mu }_k\right)$ and exponent $\left(b_k\right)$ of the fiber model (Eq. (8)) changes after applying the scaling (Eq. (14)). A) Changes in the stress-strain curve as the modulus (${\mu }_k$ and the equivalent scaled modulus ${\mu }_k^{\mathrm{*}}$) is varied. B) Changes in the stress-strain curve as the exponent $b_k$ is varied. The local contours for the objective function with C) the original (Eq. (8)) and D) the scaled models (Eq. (14)) are also shown.