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. 2023 Jul 18;202(3):955–964. doi: 10.1007/s12011-023-03750-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — “Jitter” diagram of PSM. Before undergoing propensity score matching (PSM) at a 1:2 ratio, unmatched treated units, and unmatched non-treated units represented the distribution of individuals in the PD and non-PD groups, respectively. After matching, the two groups were represented by matched treated units and matched non-treated units, respectively. The figure illustrates the balanced distribution of individuals in the matched groups following PSM