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. 2024 Jan 9;10:1256101. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1256101

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Copyright © 2024 Hosseini, Ammar, Josephson, Gibson, Askari, Bragazzi, Trabelsi, Schöllhorn and Mokhtari.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Key changes occurring in the gut-brain axis during fasting states. During a fasted state, the gut (left) and brain (right) display changes as indicated. Kynurenine metabolism products kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid are identified as neuroprotective or neurotoxic, respectively. Highlighted by the red circle, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis also plays a role in the bi-directional communication between the gut and brain during fasting. Kyn, Kynurenine; KYNA, Kynurenic acid; 5-HT, Serotonin; KAT, Lysine acetyltransferase; QUIN, Quinolinic acid; PGC-1α, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha.