Fig. 1. Different pollination modes showing different groups of insects under distinctive patterns of extinction, survival, and origination following the gymnosperm-angiosperm transition.

The fossil pollination cases reviewed in refs. ^28,38. The periods of Angiosperm Radiation¹², Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution¹³, and Angiosperm Terrestrial Revolution¹⁰ are marked. A Diverse fossil community of Cretaceous pollinators and the lifespan of these families. B Representation of the transition from gymnosperm-associated insect families to angiosperms-associated insect families, illustrating examples of known pollinators groups in the different transitional situations. Data extracted from ref. ³⁵.