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. 2024 Jan 22;13:24. doi: 10.1038/s41377-023-01346-5

Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of the lithium plating behavior of natural and artificial SEI Li anode structures and sensing system for operando monitoring of a lithium metal battery.

Fig. 2

a Scheme of the lithium metal morphological evolution with cycling for a natural SEI (top) and artificial SEI (bottom). b Experimental setup of an evanescent optical fiber sensing system for monitoring the ionic concentration of lithium metal battery at electrolyte–electrode interface. The zoomed inset presents the idea of capturing the localized ionic concentrations and fast ion transport kinetics over the lithium anode interface using an implanted optical fiber sensor. c, d Photographs of the optical fiber sensing probe and lithium metal anode symmetrical cell, respectively