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. 2024 Jan 22;14:1940. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-52186-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A). Main hydrothermal fields in the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge; Capelinhos is located ~ 1.5 km off the main Lucky Strike field. Capelinhos habitats. (B). Active and inactive black smokers with microbial mats at the summit of the structure. (C). Shrimp aggregations (red arrows) probably belonging to Mirocaris fortunata on top of a black smoker. (D). Top of a senescent chimney with a patch of Bathymodiolus azoricus mussels (red arrow) in between its two heads. (E). Dense B. azoricus beds and microbial mats at the base of a senescent chimney. F. Patch of large B. azoricus with sparse shrimps; the CHEMINI analyzer inlet and our checkerboard calibrated target are visible. (G). Cataetyx-like fish (red arrow) on sulphide rubble surroundings. Map made with GeoMapApp 3.6.15 (www.geomapapp.org)/CC BY/CC BY (Ryan et al.⁵¹).