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. 2024 Jan 23;14:1942. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-52317-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PG/VG aerosols increase MUC5AC expression. (A) Representative confocal image stacks of MUC5AC (red) and MUC5B (green) expression, and Hoechst stain (blue) in HBEC exposed to air or PG/VG e-cig aerosols for seven days. Scale bar, 100 µm. (B, C) Quantification of MUC5AC and MUC5B expression expressed as surface area labeling of MUC5AC/Hoechst (B) and MUC5B/Hoechst (C), respectively. (D) Surface area labeling of MUC5AC and MUC5B expressed as a ratio. n = 9 ALI cultures from 9 donors, which were sampled 6 times each, resulting in 54 datapoints included in the permutation analysis and shown in the figure. Statistics: Data shown as median (line), 25th to 75th percentiles (box), and minimum to maximum values (whiskers). *p < 0.05, LMM permutation test.