Table 2.
Baseline characteristics in patients with mixed or multiple valvular heart disease
| Variables | AS + AR (n = 229) | MS + MR (n = 173) | MVHD (n = 3424) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 61.32 ± 12.53 | 56.01 ± 10.25 | 63.52 ± 12.82 | <0.001 |
| Male | 145 (63.3) | 59 (34.1) | 1793 (52.4) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.60 ± 3.51 | 23.21 ± 4.06 | 23.26 ± 3.71 | 0.208 |
| Current smoker | 33 (14.4) | 10 (5.8) | 424 (12.4) | 0.020 |
| Hypertension | 87 (38.0) | 38 (22.0) | 1463 (42.7) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 35 (15.3) | 20 (11.6) | 334 (9.8) | 0.023 |
| Diabetes | 15 (6.6) | 16 (9.2) | 503 (14.7) | 0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 45 (19.7) | 26 (15.0) | 1100 (32.1) | <0.001 |
| Prior MI | 7 (3.1) | 3 (1.7) | 289 (8.4) | <0.001 |
| Prior PCI | 11 (4.8) | 4 (2.3) | 284 (8.3) | 0.004 |
| Prior CABG | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 39 (1.1) | 0.104 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 322 (9.4) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation or flutter | 16 (7.0) | 88 (50.9) | 1429 (41.7) | <0.001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 11 (4.8) | 3 (1.7) | 229 (6.7) | 0.020 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3 (1.3) | 3 (1.7) | 225 (6.6) | <0.001 |
| VHD duration > 18 months | 54 (23.6) | 58 (33.5) | 786 (23.0) | 0.006 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 127.56 ± 19.11 | 117.61 ± 16.40 | 123.70 ± 20.16 | <0.001 |
| NYHA functional class | <0.001 | |||
| I | 58 (25.3) | 31 (17.9) | 734 (21.4) | |
| II | 89 (38.9) | 68 (39.3) | 917 (26.8) | |
| III | 68 (29.7) | 61 (35.3) | 1252 (36.6) | |
| IV | 14 (6.1) | 13 (7.5) | 521 (15.2) | |
| NT‐proBNP, pg/mL | 1096.00 (261.75–4019.50) | 1011.50 (439.00–2003.80) | 2470.00 (1043.00–5728.25) | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 133.99 ± 17.40 | 134.86 ± 16.75 | 129.95 ± 20.00 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 78.00 (65.50–87.78) | 75.00 (63.00–88.00) | 81.00 (67.00–100.00) | <0.001 |
| Albumin, g/L | 40.55 ± 4.28 | 41.02 ± 4.18 | 38.95 ± 5.13 | <0.001 |
| LA, mm | 41.45 ± 6.55 | 54.31 ± 10.61 | 50.48 ± 10.30 | <0.001 |
| LVEDD, mm | 57.47 ± 8.81 | 48.56 ± 6.76 | 55.81 ± 10.91 | <0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 59.00 (50.00–65.00) | 60.00 (54.00–65.00) | 55.00 (41.00–62.00) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 40 (17.5) | 75 (43.4) | 2139 (62.5) | <0.001 |
| Severe VHD | 166 (72.5) | 94 (54.3) | 2168 (63.3) | 0.001 |
| Symptomatic severe VHD | 128 (55.9) | 81 (46.8) | 1796 (52.5) | 0.194 |
| Valvular interventions | 180 (78.6) | 131 (75.7) | 1233 (36.0) | <0.001 |
| Aetiology | <0.001 | |||
| Primary | 229 (100.0) | 173 (100.0) | 2044 (60.9) | |
| Rheumatic | 43 (18.8) | 158 (91.3) | 1001 (49.0) | |
| Degenerative | 98 (42.8) | 4 (2.3) | 753 (36.8) | |
| Congenital | 47 (20.5) | 1 (0.6) | 152 (7.4) | |
| Others | 41 (17.9) | 10 (5.8) | 138 (6.8) | |
| Secondary | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1311 (39.1) | |
| Ischaemic | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 284 (21.7) | |
| Functional | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1027 (78.3) | |
| Medications | ||||
| Diuretics | 201 (87.8) | 159 (91.9) | 2904 (84.8) | 0.020 |
| Beta‐blockers | 124 (54.1) | 94 (54.3) | 2066 (60.3) | 0.061 |
| ACE‐I/ARB | 75 (32.8) | 45 (26.0) | 1569 (45.8) | <0.001 |
| ARNI | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 59 (1.7) | 0.018 |
| Warfarin | 172 (75.1) | 145 (83.8) | 1597 (46.6) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin | 52 (22.7) | 29 (16.8) | 976 (28.5) | 0.001 |
| P2Y12 inhibitors | 26 (11.4) | 15 (8.7) | 689 (20.1) | <0.001 |
| EuroSCORE II, % | 1.34 (0.93–2.17) | 1.73 (1.01–2.63) | 3.27 (2.06–5.69) | <0.001 |
| The score for heart valve surgery | 3.94 ± 2.44 | 5.89 ± 2.34 | 8.85 ± 2.73 | <0.001 |
| MAGGIC score | 16.28 ± 6.69 | 14.68 ± 5.98 | 19.02 ± 7.27 | <0.001 |
ACE‐I, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; AR, aortic regurgitation; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor‐neprilysin inhibitor; AS, aortic stenosis; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; LA, left atrial end‐diastolic dimension; LVEDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic dimension; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MAGGIC, Meta‐Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure; MI, myocardial infarction; MR, mitral regurgitation; MS, mitral stenosis; MVHD, multiple valvular heart disease; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; VHD, valvular heart disease.
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number (percentage). Baseline characteristics are shown without imputation of missing values.