Table 2.
Multivariate analysis of risk factors for PTSD and severe PTSD in 12 Latin-American countries during the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 8,194).
| Variables | Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | Severe PTSD |
|---|---|---|
| Women | 1.55 (1.42–1.68) <0.001 | 1.51 (1.34–1.71) <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 0.98 (0.98–0.98) <0.001 | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) <0.001 |
| University studies | Did not enter the model | Did not enter the model |
| Has a sentimental partner | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) 0.025 | Did not enter the model |
| Friend or acquaintance with COVID-19 | 1.14 (1.05–1.23) 0.002 | 1.12 (1.00–1.27) 0.059 |
| Friend or acquaintance who died from COVID-19 | Did not enter the model | Did not enter the model |
| Family at home with COVID-19 | Did not enter the model | Did not enter the model |
| Family away from home with COVID-19 | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) 0.483 | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) 0.832 |
| Close family died from COVID-19 | 1.20 (1.04–1.38) 0.010 | 1.28 (1.05–1.58) 0.017 |
| Distant family died of COVID-19 | 1.06 (0.95–1.19) 0.299 | Did not enter the model |
| Respondent could have COVID-19 | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) 0.860 | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) 0.631 |
| Surveyed with confirmed COVID-19 | Did not enter the model | 1.13 (0.81–1.57) 0.479 |
| With severe depression (DASS-21 test) | 1.74 (1.57–1.94) <0.001 | 2.82 (2.33–3.40) <0.001 |
| With severe anxiety (DASS-21 test) | 1.89 (1.68–2.11) <0.001 | 1.99 (1.63–2.42) <0.001 |
| With severe stress (DASS-21 test) | 1.50 (1.34–1.68) <0.001 | 1.87 (1.54–2.26) <0.001 |
| Country of residence | ||
| Peru | Comparison category | Comparison category |
| Chile | 1.54 (1.39–1.70) <0.001 | 1.67 (1.44–1.93) <0.001 |
| Mexico | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) 0.303 | 1.00 (0.81–1.24) 0.968 |
| Paraguay | 1.45 (1.27–1.66) <0.001 | 1.48 (1.21–1.80) <0.001 |
| Colombia | 1.00 (0.85–1.19) 0.956 | 1.04 (0.82–1.32) 0.731 |
| Bolivia | 1.37 (1.18–1.59) <0.001 | 1.56 (1.25–1.93) <0.001 |
| Panamá | 1.17 (0.96–1.41) 0.112 | 1.06 (0.77–1.45) 0.727 |
| Ecuador | 1.01 (0.83–1.22) 0.937 | 1.11 (0.86–1.43) 0.410 |
| Costa Rica | 1.46 (1.20–1.77) <0.001 | 1.57 (1.18–2.08) 0.002 |
| El Salvador | 1.40 (1.11–1.77) 0.005 | 1.39 (0.97–2.00) 0.073 |
| Honduras | 0.96 (0.71–1.29) 0.763 | 1.38 (0.93–2.04) 0.111 |
| Guatemala | 0.60 (0.35–1.03) 0.066 | 0.84 (0.43–1.63) 0.605 |
Relative risks (left), 95% confidence intervals (within parentheses), and p-values (right) were obtained with generalized linear models, the log-link function, and models for robust variances.