Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to the joint classification of ideal cardiovascular health status and metabolic syndrome: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), 2002–2018
| Poor/MetS | Poor/non‐MetS | Intermediate/MetS | Intermediate/Non‐MetS | Ideal/MetS | Ideal/Non‐MetS | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 55.3 ± 11.9 | 53.7 ± 13.0 | 50.9 ± 11.9 | 45.9 ± 12.1 | 44.1 ± 10.1 | 41.4 ± 10.7 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.9 ± 4.5 | 27.7 ± 2.8 | 30.0 ± 4.4 | 26.9 ± 3.8 | 28.6 ± 4.0 | 24.2 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
| Waist (cm) | 103.3 ± 9.1 | 93.1 ± 8.3 | 99.8 ± 9.1 | 89.5 ± 9.3 | 98.5 ± 6.5 | 82.5 ± 9.0 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 134.8 ± 19.9 | 124.9 ± 13.8 | 126.4 ± 19.4 | 113.0 ± 15.2 | 112.1 ± 15.2 | 105.1 ± 10.7 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 82.3 ± 10.8 | 78.5 ± 7.5 | 80.2 ± 10.5 | 73.2 ± 8.9 | 73.8 ± 9.2 | 68.5 ± 7.2 | <0.001 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 133.9 ± 52.2 | 105.6 ± 29.8 | 108.1 ± 38.4 | 90.6 ± 17.9 | 92.5 17.6 | 86.8 ± 13.1 | <0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 230.4 ± 39.5 | 228.1 ± 28.4 | 204.7 ± 40.5 | 195.1 ± 37.5 | 177.8 ± 16.8 | 169.4 ± 27.0 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 36.8 ± 9.5 | 47.2 ± 12.2 | 35.2 ± 8.2 | 41.8 ± 11.3 | 29.5 ± 5.7 | 40.7 ± 10.3 | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 216 (168–295) | 130 (99.2–164.5) | 192 (155–255) | 118 (89–148) | 203 (164–251) | 97 (72–129) | <0.001 |
| Men | 312 (50.0) | 48 (66.7) | 959 (43.9) | 1,057 (43.0) | 22 (52.4) | 306 (35.7) | <00.01 |
| Educational level (year) | |||||||
| ≤6 | 55 (8.8) | 7 (9.7) | 221 (10.1) | 397 (16.2) | 4 (9.5) | 169 (19.7) | <0.001 |
| 6–12 | 224 (35.9) | 33 (45.8) | 959 (43.9) | 1,316 (53.5) | 21 (50.0) | 511 (59.6) | |
| >12 | 345 (55.3) | 32 (44.4) | 1,006 (46.0) | 745 (30.3) | 17 (40.5) | 178 (20.7) | |
| Physical activity (MET‐min/week) | |||||||
| ≤600 | 364 (58.3) | 40 (55.6) | 752 (34.4) | 1,025 (41.7) | 0.0 (0) | 148 (17.3) | <0.001 |
| 600–1,500 | 202 (32.3) | 26 (36.1) | 457 (20.9) | 745 (30.3) | 0.0 (0) | 112 (13.1) | |
| ≥1,500 | 58 (9.4) | 6 (8.3) | 977 (44.7) | 688 (28.0) | 42 (100.0) | 598 (69.6) | |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Current smoking | 170 (27.2) | 35 (48.6) | 221 (10.1) | 432 (17.5) | 0.0 (0) | 51 (5.9) | <0.001 |
| Former smokers | 101 (16.2) | 19 (26.4) | 161 (7.4) | 207 (8.4) | 0.0 (0) | 17 (1.9) | |
| Never smoked | 353 (56.6) | 18 (25.5) | 1,804 (82.5) | 1,819 (74.1) | 42 (100.0) | 790 (92.2) | |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Married | 536 (85.9) | 67 (93.1) | 1,907 (87.2) | 2,164 (88.0) | 42 (100.0) | 739 (86.1) | <0.001 |
| Divorced/widowed | 78 (12.5) | 4 (5.6) | 234 (10.7) | 176 (7.2) | 0.0 (0.0) | 37 (4.3) | |
| Single | 10 (1.6) | 1 (1.4) | 45 (2.1) | 118 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 82 (9.6) | |
| Glucose lowering drug use, yes | 131 (21.0) | 5 (6.9) | 192 (8.8) | 36 (1.5) | 1 (2.4) | 6 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| Anti‐hypertensive drug use, yes | 137 (22.0) | 6 (8.3) | 311 (14.2) | 84 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Lipid‐lowering drug use, yes | 80 (12.8) | 0 (0) | 118 (5.4) | 24 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Family history of CVD, yes | 130 (20.8) | 11 (15.3) | 426 (19.5) | 465 (18.9) | 10 (23.8) | 145 (16.9) | 0.364 |
| HOMA‐IR † | 3.0 (2.1–4.5) | 2.1 (1.5–3.2) | 2.4 (1.7–3.3) | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | 2.2 (1.6–2.7) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | <0.001 |
| Insulin resistance † | 229 (78.7) | 19 (55.9) | 768 (65.0) | 443 (31.5) | 13 (68.4) | 106 (21.2) | <0.001 |
IR was defined as HOMA‐IR ≥1.85 in women and ≥2.17 in men.
†
Data were included for 3,433 participants.
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL cholesterol, high density lipoprotein; HOMA‐IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.