Age- and sex-adjusted 24-hour geometric mean PM2.5 concentrations (μg/m3) recorded in the personal, kitchen, living room, and community monitors by season and the combination of primary cooking and heating fuels. Each vertical bar represents adjusted geometric means of each microenvironment by exposure groups, with vertical black lines showing the corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Non-overlapping CIs between bars indicate statistically significant difference. From left to right the four bars in each group are personal, kitchen, living room, and community PM2.5 levels. Participants reporting using unspecified “other” fuels for heating were excluded due to small sample size (Nsummer = 1; Nwinter = 2).