Table 2.
Relationship between opposition to social policies, ideology, social policy participation, individual characteristics, and burden tolerance.
| |
Work Requirements |
Too Easy to Receive Benefits |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
||||
| β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | |
|
H1: Opposition to social policy (ref: Too little support for the poor) |
||||||||
| Right amount of support | – | – | .62** | (.10) | – | – | a1.13** | (.16) |
| – | – | – | – | b-.10 | (.15) | |||
| – | – | – | – | -c.64** | (.18) | |||
| Too much support | – | – | a1.11** | (.38) | – | – | a1.35** | (.22) |
| – | – | b.62** | (.23) | – | – | b.41* | (.17) | |
| – | – | c.30 | (36) | – | – | c.05 | (.23) | |
| H2: Ideology (ref: Liberal) | ||||||||
| Moderate | – | – | .69** | (.11) | – | – | .63** | (.11) |
| Conservative | – | – | .92** | (.12) | – | – | 1.16** | (.11) |
|
H3: Social policy participation (ref: never participated) |
||||||||
| Previous participation | −.11 | (.11) | −.04 | (.11) | −.44** | .10) | −.40** | (.11) |
| Current participation | −.43** | (.11) | −.27* | (.11) | −.65** | (.11) | −.44** | (.12) |
| H4: Failed to renew vehicle registration/unopened mail (ref: none) | ||||||||
| Done one | −.15 | (.09) | −.13 | (.10) | −.10 | (.09) | −.05 | (.10) |
| Done both | .06 | (.17) | .05 | (.19) | .13 | (.17) | .16 | (.17) |
| H4: Administrative literacy | −.13 | (.10) | −.12 | (.10) | −.11 | (.10) | −.08 | (.10) |
| Observations | 3,022 | |||||||
Models are estimated using partial proportional odds models. For variables that violate the parallel lines assumption: a Coefficient for strongly disagree compared to strongly agree (ref), b Coefficient for somewhat disagree compared to coefficient a, c Coefficient for somewhat agree compared to coefficient a. Model 2 includes while Model 1 excludes controls for ideology and opposition to social program. The full regression model including all covariates is available in the appendix Table A3
**p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.