Table 2.

D‐peptide binders identified through mirror‐image phage display of D‐protein targets in the last decade (at the time of writing).

Protein	Function	Length[b]	Name	Type	Length[c]	Kd [μM][d]	Ref.
ARQ23	Androgen receptor	46	QF2D‐2	Linear	16	11	[81]
Annexin A1 NTD	Surface marker in malignant tumor vasculature	16	D‐TIT7	Linear	7	8.5 x10−3	[82]
Tau PHF6*	Microtubule‐associated protein	6	MMD3	Linear	12	[e]	[83]
			MMD3rev	Linear	12	[e]
Tau PHF6			p‐NH	Linear	12	[e]	[80b]
			TD28	Linear	12	[e]	[80a]
Immunoglobulin variable domain of TIGIT	Immune checkpoint	119	D‐TBP‐3	Linear	12	5.6	[77b]
Epidermal growth factor	Mitogenic factor	53	D‐PI_4	Linear	12	54	[72]
Fibroblast growth factor‐inducible 14 CRD	TWEAK (tumor necrosis factor‐like weak inducer of apoptosis) receptor	43	D‐FNB	Linear	12	0.28	[84]
Aβ‐1‐42	Monomeric precursor of AB oligomers and fibrils	42	Mosd1	Linear	12	[e]	[85]
Immunoglobulin variable domain of PD‐L1	Programmed cell death protein 1	124	D‐PPA‐1	Linear	12	0.51	[77a]
VEGF‐A	Vascular endothelial growth factor	102	RFX‐V1a2a	Bivalent scaffold	53+58	8 x10−4	[75]
			RFX001	GB1 scaffold	56	8.5 x10−2	[56]
gp41N‐trimer pocket mimic	HIV envelope protein ectodomain	42	PIE12‐trimer	Flanking disulfide cyclic	8 [f]	[e]	[78b]
MDM2	Oncogenic E3 ubiquitin ligase	85	D‐PMIα	Linear	12	5.3 x 10−2	[86]

[a] Most potent binder from phage panning experiments presented. [b] Total amino acid length of synthetic protein enantiomer target. [c] Amino acid length of peptide binder identified through phage display. [d] Reported dissociation constant of D‐peptide binder to native L‐target used in phage display. [e] K_d not reported. [f] Length of original, un‐crosslinked peptide identified through phage display.