Table 1.
Weighted Descriptive Statistics of Analytic Variables Prior to Imputation
| Variables | Total N | %/Mean (SD) | Married %/Mean (SD) | Divorced %/Mean (SD) | Widowed %/Mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Loneliness | |||||
| Pandemic loneliness (1–5) | 2672 | 2.13 (1.00) | 1.98 (0.94) | 2.36*** (1.10) | 2.36*** (1.02) |
| Loneliness change (%) | 2631 | ||||
| About the same (ref) | 2016 | 74.94 | 77.29 | 66.39*** | 74.38 |
| Less often | 84 | 2.96 | 2.28 | 5.17 | 3.25 |
| More often | 531 | 22.10 | 20.43 | 28.43 | 22.37 |
| Change in participation | |||||
| Worked for pay (%) | 2650 | ||||
| Always participated (ref) | 223 | 11.15 | 12.01 | 14.06 | 7.62 |
| Never participated | 2205 | 79.24 | 78.40 | 74.44 | 83.75** |
| Stopped participating | 177 | 8.00 | 7.71 | 10.17 | 7.49 |
| Started participating | 45 | 1.6 | 1.87 | 1.32 | 1.14 |
| Volunteered (%) | 2625 | ||||
| Always participated (ref) | 235 | 10.22 | 11.40 | 8.56 | 8.41 |
| Never participated | 1,822 | 67.42 | 65.27 | 72.41* | 69.64 |
| Stopped participating | 512 | 19.96 | 20.68 | 16.45 | 20.22 |
| Started participating | 56 | 2.40 | 2.65 | 2.58 | 1.73 |
| Attended religious services (%) | 2611 | ||||
| Always participated (ref) | 894 | 33.03 | 35.02 | 21.35* | 34.81 |
| Never participated | 971 | 40.61 | 39.49 | 56.18*** | 34.74 |
| Stopped participating | 661 | 23.56 | 22.53 | 20.54 | 27.56 |
| Started participating | 85 | 2.8 | 2.96 | 1.92 | 2.89 |
| Attended clubs, classes, or other activities (%) | 2625 | ||||
| Always participated (ref) | 325 | 14.21 | 15.33 | 12.33 | 12.65 |
| Never participated | 1434 | 52.74 | 51.00 | 60.79* | 52.41 |
| Stopped participating | 784 | 29.54 | 29.70 | 23.09 | 32.65 |
| Started participating | 82 | 3.51 | 3.97 | 3.78 | 2.29 |
| Change in contact frequency | |||||
| Phone contact (%) | 2652 | ||||
| No change (ref) | 1905 | 71.75 | 70.90 | 69.71 | 74.91 |
| Contact increased | 276 | 10.41 | 10.58 | 10.51 | 9.96 |
| Contact decreased | 471 | 17.84 | 18.52 | 19.78 | 15.13 |
| Email/text messages/social media contact (%) | 2483 | ||||
| No change (ref) | 1924 | 77.83 | 77.63 | 75.03 | 79.88 |
| Contact increased | 180 | 6.71 | 5.83 | 10.27 | 6.79 |
| Contact decreased | 379 | 15.46 | 16.54 | 14.70 | 13.32 |
| Video call contact (%) | 2463 | ||||
| No change (ref) | 1921 | 76.46 | 74.72 | 75.52 | 81.17** |
| Contact increased | 323 | 15.36 | 16.93 | 16.33 | 11.04 |
| Contact decreased | 219 | 8.18 | 8.35 | 8.15 | 7.79 |
| In-person contact (%) | 2590 | ||||
| No change | 1410 | 53.01 | 51.69 | 50.23 | 57.58* |
| Contact increased | 201 | 6.89 | 6.64 | 8.29 | 6.68 |
| Contact decreased | 979 | 40.10 | 41.67 | 41.48 | 35.73 |
| Covariates | |||||
| Participants’ gender (%) | 2861 | ||||
| Men (ref) | 1219 | 44.92 | 57.83 | 35.75 | 20.82*** |
| Women | 1642 | 55.08 | 42.17 | 64.25*** | 79.18*** |
| Participants’ age (%) | 2861 | ||||
| 65 to 74 (ref) | 699 | 43.43 | 49.18 | 50.37 | 26.63*** |
| 75 to 84 | 1479 | 44.15 | 43.55 | 43.06 | 46.12 |
| 85 or older | 683 | 12.42 | 7.27 | 6.57 | 27.26*** |
| Participants’ race/ethnicity (%) | 2824 | ||||
| White (ref) | 2162 | 84.42 | 87.35 | 75.77*** | 82.60** |
| Black | 477 | 6.29 | 3.83 | 13.30** | 7.99 |
| Hispanic | 124 | 5.92 | 4.8 | 8.69 | 6.91 |
| Other | 61 | 3.37 | 4.02 | 2.24 | 2.51 |
| Participants’ education (%) | 2826 | ||||
| Less than HS diploma (ref) | 401 | 10.81 | 8.71 | 14.20 | 13.68 |
| High school diploma | 938 | 31.24 | 28.31 | 28.26 | 39.50*** |
| Some college to four-year degree | 1033 | 40.47 | 42.17 | 42.69 | 35.39* |
| Master’s, prof. degree, doctorate | 454 | 17.49 | 20.81 | 14.86 | 11.43* |
| Depression 2019 (0–3) | 2836 | 0.33 (0.50) | 0.29 (0.44) | 0.42*** (0.55) | 0.38*** (0.55) |
| Self-rated health 2019 (0–4) | 2860 | 2.42 (0.97) | 2.49 (0.95) | 2.24*** (0.96) | 2.34*** (0.98) |
***
p < .001
**
p < .01
*
p < .05: T-tests for continuous variables and tests of proportions for categorical variables were conducted to compare married and specific unmarried groups