Table 3.

Estimated Marital Status Differences in Changes in Social Participation and Contact Frequency from Before to During the Pandemic (N=2861)

A. change in participation (Multinomial Logit, Base category = ongoing participation)
	Never participated		Stopped participating		Started participating		Never participated		Stopped participating		Never participated
	RRR	95% CI	RRR	95% CI	RRR	95% CI	RRR	95% CI	RRR	95% CI	RRR	95% CI
	Model 1: Worked for Pay						Model 2: Volunteered
Marital Status (ref: married)
Divorced	0.62	0.38–1.01	0.99	0.51–1.92	0.49	0.08–2.88	1.26	0.82–1.94	0.96	0.52–1.76	1.27	0.45–3.58
Widowed	0.88	0.54–1.44	1.15	0.62–2.13	0.70	0.22–2.23	1.14	0.73–1.78	1.06	0.68–1.65	0.80	0.29–2.21
	Model 3: Attended religious services						Model 4: Attended clubs or other activities
Marital Status (ref: married)
Divorced	2.60***	1.68^.03	1.40	0.92–2.11	0.92	0.38–2.22	1.37	0.84–2.23	0.89	0.54–1.48	1.22	0.53–2.79
Widowed	1.20	0.90–1.60	1.10	0.82–1.48	0.82	0.40–1.70	0.95	0.63–1.43	0.95	0.59–1.52	0.74	0.33–1.66

B. Change in contact frequency (Multinomial Logit, pase category = no change)
		Contact increased			Contact decreased			Contact increased			Contact decreased
		RRR	95% CI		RRR	95% CI		RRR	95% CI		RRR	95% CI
		Model 5: Phone calls							Model 6: Emails/texts/messages
Marital status (ref: married)
Divorced		1.06		0.66–1.70		1.10	0.79–1.54		1.82*	1.05–3.14	0.90	0.56–1.47
Widowed		1.01		0.65–1.58		0.79	0.55–1.15		1.15	0.64–2.06	0.75	0.49–1.14
		Model 7: Video calls							Model 8: In-person visits
Marital status (ref: married)
Divorced		0.88		0.55–1.41		0.84	0.53–1.33		1.22	0.69–2.18	0.98	0.71–1.36
Widowed		0.58*		0.38–0.89		0.71	0.46–1.10		0.80	0.51–1.26	0.78	0.61–1.00

All models controlled for demographic covariates, self-rated physical health in 2019, and depression in 2019

^***p < .001

^**p < .01

^*p < .05; OR: Odds Ratios; RRR: Relative Risk Ratios