Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of All Variables (N = 3,405)
| Mean or % | (S.D.) | |
|---|---|---|
| Early sexual onset (y15) | 13.3% | |
| Paternal incarceration (y3, y5, y9) | 29.4% | |
| Mother Characteristics | ||
| Race/ethnicity (b) | ||
| White, non-Hispanic | 21.9% | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 49.9% | |
| Hispanic | 24.7% | |
| Other race, non-Hispanic | 3.6% | |
| Mixed race couple (b) | 14.8% | |
| Foreign-born (b) | 13.4% | |
| Age at first birth (y1) | 21.574 | (5.221) |
| Lived with both parents at 15 (b) | 42.0% | |
| Cognitive ability (y3) | 6.806 | (2.654) |
| Impulsivity (y5) | 1.519 | (0.480) |
| Prior incarceration (y1) | 0.7% | |
| Education (y1) | ||
| Less than high school | 29.1% | |
| High school diploma or GED | 28.4% | |
| Post-secondary education | 42.5% | |
| Number of kids in household (y1) | 2.292 | (1.306) |
| Lives with parent (y1) | 19.1% | |
| Relationship status with father (y1) | ||
| Married | 29.7% | |
| Cohabiting | 26.7% | |
| Non-romantic relationship | 10.0% | |
| Separated | 33.6% | |
| Repartnered (y1) | 11.6% | |
| Fair or poor relationship quality (y1) | 28.6% | |
| Employed (y1) | 55.1% | |
| Income-to-poverty ratio (y1) | 1.863 | (2.216) |
| Material hardship (y1) | 1.168 | (1.634) |
| Parenting stress (y1) | 2.207 | (0.671) |
| Engagement (y1) | 4.861 | (1.504) |
| Depression (y1) | 15.6% | |
| Fair or poor overall health (y1) | 12.4% | |
| Illicit drug use (y1) | 2.1% | |
| Binge drinking (y1) | 6.9% | |
| Perceived social support (y1) | 4.056 | (1.809) |
| Moved in past year (y1) | 46.0% | |
| Lives in public housing (y1) | 13.5% | |
| Neighborhood disadvantage (y1) | 0.022 | (3.523) |
| Father Characteristics | ||
| Foreign-born (b) | 14.8% | |
| Lived with both parents at 15 (b) | 44.3% | |
| Cognitive ability (y3) | 6.516 | (2.723) |
| Impulsivity (y1) | 2.017 | (0.671) |
| Prior incarceration (b, y1) | 32.0% | |
| Education (y1) | ||
| Less than high school | 29.8% | |
| High school diploma or GED | 35.9% | |
| Post-secondary education | 34.3% | |
| Repartnered (y1) | 11.9% | |
| Employed (y1) | 76.8% | |
| Income-to-poverty ratio (y1) | 2.488 | (3.043) |
| Shared responsibility in parenting (y1) | 2.841 | (1.120) |
| Cooperation in parenting (y1) | 3.347 | (0.925) |
| Engaged in domestic violence (y1) | 4.5% | |
| Depression (y1) | 11.7% | |
| Illicit drug use (y1) | 8.1% | |
| Binge drinking (y1) | 27.8% | |
| Substance abuse (y1) | 8.5% | |
| Child Characteristics | ||
| Boy (b) | 51.4% | |
| Born low birth weight (b) | 9.2% | |
| Temperament (y1) | 3.408 | (0.769) |
| Age (y15) | 15.582 | (0.760) |
| Mechanisms | ||
| Child closeness to mother (y9) | 3.591 | (0.810) |
| Child closeness to father (y9) | 2.850 | (1.295) |
| Child talk to mother (y9) | 3.083 | (0.957) |
| Child talk to father (y9) | 2.487 | (1.211) |
| Child support from mother (y9) | 2.031 | (0.660) |
| Child support from father (y9) | 1.397 | (0.990) |
| Parental monitoring (y9) | 2.710 | (0.495) |
| Parents separated (y9) | 58.6% | |
| Mother repartnered (y9) | 34.8% | |
| Mother income-to-poverty ratio (y9) | 1.985 | (2.533) |
| Father income-to-poverty ratio (y9) | 2.608 | (2.884) |
| Mother material hardship (y9) | 1.569 | (2.031) |
| Father maternal hardship (y9) | 1.499 | (2.004) |
| Child externalizing behaviors (y9) | 0.178 | (0.196) |
Notes: Timing of variable measurement: b = baseline survey, y1 = 1-year survey, y3 = 3-year survey, y5 = 5-year survey, y9 = 9-year survey, y15 = 15-year survey. Early sexual onset defined as having first intercourse before age 15.