Table 5.

Associations between prenatal maternal urinary OPE biomarkers and fetal growth in the ECHO cohorts.

OPE biomarkers	BW-GA $z$-score ($n=\mathrm{6,646}$)		Term LBW ($n=150$) [vs. term non-LBW ($n=\mathrm{6,047}$)]a		SGA ($n=419$) [vs. non-SGA ($n=\mathrm{6,227}$)]		LGA ($n=\mathrm{1,066}$) [vs. non-LGA ($n=\mathrm{5,580}$)]
	$\mathrm{\beta }$ (95% CI)	$p$-Value	OR (95% CI)	$p$-Value	OR (95% CI)	$p$-Value	OR (95% CI)	$p$-Value
Continuous (${\log }_2$-transformed, dilution-standardized)
DPHP	$-0.02$ ($-0.05$, 0.00)	0.01	1.05 (0.96, 1.15)	0.28	1.05 (0.99, 1.11)	0.11	0.97 (0.92, 1.02)	0.17
DBUP/DIBP	$-0.02$ ($-0.04$, 0.00)	0.11	0.91 (0.78, 1.06)	0.22	1.02 (0.96, 1.08)	0.58	0.97 (0.94, 1.01)	0.11
BDCPP	0.00 ($-0.01$, 0.00)	0.33	0.98 (0.95, 1.01)	0.14	0.99 (0.97, 1.01)	0.18	0.98 (0.97, 1.00)	0.05
High/low (compared with nondetect)
BCETP—low	0.04 ($-0.04$, 0.12)	0.38	0.98 (0.60, 1.61)	0.94	0.91 (0.69, 1.19)	0.49	1.13 (0.95, 1.34)	0.18
BCETP—high	0.03 ($-0.02$, 0.08)	0.24	0.90 (0.59, 1.39)	0.64	0.83 (0.71, 0.96)	0.01	1.04 (0.92, 1.18)	0.56
BBOEP—low	0.01 ($-0.04$, 0.06)	0.68	0.91 (0.65, 1.26)	0.56	0.87 (0.74, 1.04)	0.12	0.99 (0.90, 1.10)	0.90
BBOEP—high	$-0.03$ ($-0.09$, 0.04)	0.48	1.04 (0.74, 1.45)	0.84	1.04 (0.92, 1.19)	0.52	0.97 (0.84, 1.13)	0.70
BCPP—low	0.07 (0.01, 0.13)	0.03	0.76 (0.58, 1.00)	0.05	0.80 (0.61, 1.04)	0.10	1.06 (0.90, 1.25)	0.46
BCPP—high	0.07 ($-0.01$, 0.15)	0.09	0.52 (0.31, 0.89)	0.02	0.84 (0.62, 1.12)	0.23	1.04 (0.86, 1.25)	0.68
Detect (compared with nondetect)
BMPP	0.07 (0.02, 0.11)	0.004	0.97 (0.64, 1.46)	0.88	0.85 (0.72, 1.00)	0.06	1.10 (0.95, 1.28)	0.20
BEHP	$-0.03$ ($-0.08$, 0.02)	0.19	1.29 (0.99, 1.67)	0.06	1.11 (0.93, 1.32)	0.24	0.95 (0.81, 1.11)	0.50
DPRP	0.04 (0.00, 0.07)	0.03	0.72 (0.55, 0.94)	0.02	0.88 (0.74, 1.06)	0.18	1.08 (0.93, 1.26)	0.31

Note: Linear or multinomial regression models, fitted using generalized estimating equations with a random effect for cohort, were used to estimate $\mathrm{\beta }\mathrm{s}$ or ORs, respectively, and their corresponding 95% CIs and $p$-values. Regression models were adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, maternal age at delivery, maternal education, maternal marital status, maternal prepregnancy BMI, maternal smoking during pregnancy, parity, child’s sex, and sample collection season and year. BBOEP, bis(butoxyethyl) phosphate; BCETP, bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate; BCPP, bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate; BDCPP, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate; BEHP, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate; BMI, body mass index; BMPP, bis(2-methylphenyl) phosphate; BW-GA, birth weight for gestational age; CI, confidence interval; DBUP/DIBP, composite of dibutyl phosphate and di-isobutyl phosphate; DPHP, diphenyl phosphate; DPRP, dipropyl phosphate; ECHO, Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes; LBW, low birth weight; LGA, large for gestational age; OPE, organophosphate ester; OR, odds ratio; SGA, small for gestational age.

^a LBW vs. non-LBW among 6,197 non-preterm births ($\ge 37$ wk gestation).