Table 1.
Chitosan hydrogels prepared by physical methods.
| Hydrogel name | Primary materials | Crosslinking method | Crosslinking agent | Application | characteristic | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cat-CH/Hydrogel | Sodium bicarbonate, chitosan、EDC | Physical cross-linking (ionic interactions) | Sodium bicarbonate | Injectable Adhesion Carriers | Fast gelation, high adhesion, good mechanical properties | (Guyot, Cerruti, & Lerouge, 2021) |
| OS Chitosan-based Hydrogel | Chitosan, tapioca starch, sodium periodate | physical crosslinking | Drug delivery vehicles | Good bacteriostatic properties with a slow-release effect, high solubility, and good cytocompatibility | (D. Sarmah, Rather, Sarkar, Mandal, Sankaranarayanan, & Karak, 2023) | |
| SG/CS Hydrogel | Succinoglycan (SG), chitosan, 5-fluorouracil | Physical cross-linking (electrostatic interactions) | Ph Responds to Changes in Drug Delivery Systems | Good bacteriostatic properties and high cell viability; high biodegradability | (J. Kim, Kim, Jeong, Kim, Kim, & Jung, 2023) | |
| Dual-crosslinked CMC-ALG hydrogels | Carboxymethyl chitosan, alginate, calcium chloride, EGF powder | Physical cross-linking (electrostatic interactions) | Clinical Wound Care Wound Aids | Promote cell proliferation, good blood compatibility, promote tissue regeneration | (Hu et al., 2018) | |
| CCHs hydrogel | Carboxymethyl chitosan powder, allyl glycidyl ether (AGE), ammonium persulfate (APS), calcium chloride (CaCl2) | Physical cross-linking (hydrogen bonding interactions, ionic interactions) | Allyl glycidyl ether | As flexible sensors, wearable devices, and energy harvesting devices | High conductivity, sensitivity, dependability, and quick reaction time | (Yang Wang, Zhang, Gong, Zhao, Liu, & Zhang, 2022) |
| TEPA − COS hydrogel | Tetraacetylethylenediamine (TEPA), epichlorohydrin (ECH), low chitosan | Physical cross-linking (hydrogen bonding interactions) | TEPA | Good mechanical strength, strong chelating effect, and adsorption effect on hexavalent chromium. | (Mei, Zhang, Li, & Ou, 2019) | |
| (Fe3+-PCS/CS-fHNTs NC hydrogel) | Acrylamide (AAm), acrylic acid (AAc), ammonium persulfate (APS), kaolin nanotubes (HNTs), hyperbranched polysiloxane (HSiv)） | Physical cross-linking (ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding interactions), chemical cross-linking | HSiv | For load-bearing structural materials | Excellent mechanical properties and significant self-resilience | (Li et al., 2020, Li and Zhuang, 2020) |
| CS-TPPhydrogel | Chitosan, tripolyphosphate (TPP), SQR22 dye, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) | Physical cross-linking (electrostatic interactions) | TPP | Better preservation of photothermal effects, photostability, better cytocompatibility, and thermal validity | (Lim, Kai, & Lee, 2023) | |
| CS/SP printing inks | Chitosan powder, two-component silicone elastomer (ACEO), sulfate (SP) | Physical cross-linking (electrostatic interactions) | SP | Composite chitosan/silk particle scaffolds | Good shape retention and cytocompatibility, high structural stability | (J. Zhang et al., 2018) |
| Chitosan hydrogel-modified cotton fabrics | Chitosan polymer, amylase, sodium bisulfite (Na2S2O4), monochloroacetic acid (CAA), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), reactive dye (Supra rouge S-PX) | Physical cross-linking (electrostatic interactions) | A functional cotton | Significant antimicrobial activity, pH sensitivity, good mechanical properties | (Trad et al., 2018) |