Table 10.

Harmonization efficacy.

Meta-dataset and feature type	Harmonization efficacy (age-group permutation test p-value, One-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test p-value)
	Harmonization with neuroHarmonize	Harmonization with harmonizer transformer
CHILDHOOD
CT	(0.5363, 10−18)	(0.0036, 10−18)
FD	(0.5853, 10−18)	(0.0268, 10−18)
ADOLESCENCE	ADOLESCENCE
CT	(0.3559, 10−18)	(0.0484, 10−18)
FD	(0.0090, 10−18)	(0.0002, 10−18)
ADULTHOOD	ADULTHOOD
CT	(0.4545, 10−18)	(0.4727, 10−18)
FD	(0.0042, 10−18)	(0.0006, 10−18)
LIFESPAN
CT	(0.1128, 10−18)	(0.0006, 10−18)
FD	(0.0002, 10−18)	(0.0002, 10−18)

The age-group permutation test p-value and one-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test p-value have been reported. The permutation test p-value indicates whether the site effect has been removed (i.e., p-value ≥ 0.05 means that the imaging site prediction is not different from a random prediction). One-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test p-value indicates whether the site effect has been reduced (i.e., p-value less than 0.05 means that the prediction of imaging site using the harmonized features obtains a balanced accuracy significantly less than that estimated using raw data).

CT: cortical thickness; FD: fractal dimension.