Figure 2.

Transmission routes of Helicobacter pylori. Transmission routes of Helicobacter pylori. (1) Person to person transmission: It often spreads in families and is most likely to infect the elderly and adolescents. Occupational risk: Close contact between doctors and nurses and patients infected with Helicobacter pylorii may increase the odds of contracting the disease. (2) Animal and human transmission: Homeowners can contract Helicobacter pylori through close contact with their pets. (3) Foodborne infection: a: Fecal matter is a significant cause of contamination in most drinking water sources. b: Cattle and sheep can drink water infected with Helicobacter pylori, and their feces can in turn contaminate lakes and rivers. d: Helicobacter pylori can exist in low-acid, low-temperature, elevated humidity environments, such as chicken, raw vegetables, yogurt, and other ready-to-eat foods. Thus Helicobacter pylori can infect human through food and water.