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. 2023 Dec 25;21(2):134–143. doi: 10.1038/s41423-023-01119-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — In some animal models, SARS-CoV-2 is able to invade the brain through the olfactory nerve. The virus infects sustentacular cells and olfactory sensory neurons in the mucosa, then travels through olfactory axons, reaching the olfactory bulb of the brain. Immune cells migrate to both the mucosa and the brain, producing inflammatory mediators that can both fight the virus and contribute to destructive neuroinflammation