Table 1.

Common and rare causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding according to the age, appearing and bleeding entity

	Ill-appearing	Well-appearing
		Severe bleeding	Milder bleeding
< 2 years	Stress gastritis or ulcer Sepsis Rare: Intestinal duplications Vascular anomalies Coagulation disorders		Reflux esophagitis Reactive gastritis Vitamin K deficiency Trauma (NG tube)a Rare: Cow’s milk protein allergy
2–5 years	Esophageal varices Hemorrhagic gastritis Stress ulcer	Esophageal varices Gastroduodenal ulcer Foreign bodies Ingestion of caustics Rare: Dieulafoy lesion Arteriovenous malformations Stromal tumors Gastroduodenal duplications	Mallory-Weiss tear NSAIDsb gastritis Reflux esophagitis
> 5 years	Esophageal varices Hemorrhagic gastritis	Esophageal varices Gastroduodenal ulcer Rare: Dieulafoy lesion Arteriovenous malformations Stromal tumors Gastroduodenal duplications Hemobilia	Mallory-Weiss tear Reflux esophagitis Gastritis

^aNG Nasogastric tube

^bNSAIDs Non Steroid Anti-inflammatory Drugs