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. 2024 Jan 23;12:16. doi: 10.1186/s40478-024-01733-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Increased numbers of PR/POMC⁺ neurons contribute considerably to the POMC⁺ neuronal increase in MDS. A POMC⁺ and PR/POMC⁺ neurons (red arrows) in the INF of a control subject and a patient with MD who died of suicide. Higher magnification of the areas framed in a, c, e and g are shown in b, d, f and h, respectively. B Analyses between CTR and MD subjects (two-group comparison), and their subsets (five-group comparison) on: total neurons and volume of POMC (a-d), PR/POMC (e-h), total neurons of sPOMC (i-j), proportion of PR/POMC neurons in POMC neurons (k-l). Note that patients with MD who died of suicides or legal euthanasia presented more PR/POMC⁺ neurons in the INF than patients who died naturally. Scale bars: a, c, e and g, 1 mm; b, d, f and h, 100 μm. Abbreviations: CE, control subjects who died of legal euthanasia; CN, control subjects who died of natural causes; CTR, control subjects; MD, mood disorders; MDE, subjects with mood disorders who died of legal euthanasia; MDN, subjects with mood disorders who died of natural causes; MDS, subjects with mood disorders who died of suicide; PR/POMC, neurons co-labeling progesterone receptor and pro-opiomelanocortin; sPOMC, pro-opiomelanocortin neurons that did not express progesterone receptor. Note: * indicates 0.01 ≤ P<0.05, ** indicates 0.001 ≤ P<0.01, *** indicates 0.0001 ≤ P<0.001, **** indicates 0.00001 ≤ P<0.0001, Global-P<0.05