Table 3.
Baseline characteristics and outcome in patients with different subtypes of AMI
| AMI subtype | All subtypes N = 418 |
Arterial occlusive N = 231 (55.3%) |
Venous N = 73 (17.5%) |
NOMI N = 55 (13.2%) |
Other/Uncleara N = 59 (14.1%) |
P Art versus Ven |
P Art versus NOMI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | |||||||
| Demographics | |||||||
| Gender (male), n (%) (n = 418) | 241 (57.7) | 131 (56.7) | 45 (61.6) | 34 (61.8) | 31 (52.5) | 0.498 | 0.545 |
| Age, median (range) (n = 418) | 70 (18–99) | 71 (23–99) | 64 (18–94) | 70 (18–93) | 72 (21–94) | < 0.001 | 0.649 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (n = 312) | 24.9 (21.8–28.2) | 24.3 (21.3–27.4) | 25.9 (23.3–31.2) | 26.1 (23.5–28.3) | 23.6 (20–27.7) | 0.004 | 0.080 |
| Previous health/medication | |||||||
| Disabilityb, n (%) (n = 392) | 83 (19.9) | 49 (21.2) | 5 (6.8) | 16 (29.1) | 13 (22.0 | 0.004 | 0.210 |
| AF, n (%) (n = 408) | 102 (24.4) | 73 (31.6) | 6 (8.2) | 13 (23.6) | 10 (16.9) | < 0.001 | 0.254 |
| AH, n (%) (n = 409) | 269 (64.4) | 166 (71.9) | 27 (37.0) | 37 (67.3) | 39 (66.1) | < 0.001 | 0.314 |
| Previous MI, n (%) (n = 403) | 80 (19.1) | 48 (20.8) | 3 (4.1) | 20 (36.4) | 9 (15.3) | < 0.001 | 0.035 |
| Thromboembolism, n (%) (n = 395) | 62 (14.8) | 30 (13.0) | 15 (20.5) | 11 (20.0) | 6 (10.2) | 0.187 | 0.285 |
| Arterial | 39 (63.9) | 25 (83.3) | 2 (13.3) | 7 (63.6) | 5 (83.3) | ||
| Venous | 22 (36.1) | 4 (13.3) | 13 (86.7) | 4 (36.4) | 1 (16.7) | < 0.001 | 0.182 |
| Charlson comorbidity index (n = 383) | 4 (2–6) | 4 (3–6) | 2 (1–4) | 5 (3–6) | 4 (2–6) | < 0.001 | 0.508 |
| Anticoagulants, n (%) (n = 392) | 110 (26.3) | 70 (30.3) | 20 (27.4) | 9 (16.4) | 11 (18.6) | 0.558 | 0.029 |
| Antiplatelets, n (%) (n = 386) | 123 (29.4) | 77 (33.3) | 10 (13.7) | 27 (49.1) | 9 (15.3) | < 0.001 | 0.060 |
| Acute conditions at baseline | |||||||
| APACHE II, points (n = 418) | 15 (9–23) | 15 (10–21) | 8 (4–12) | 25 (18–30) | 17 (8–24) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| SOFA, points (n = 418) | 4 (2–9) | 3 (1–7) | 2 (1–3) | 11 (9–14) | 5.5 (2–9) | 0.010 | < 0.001 |
| New AF, n (%) (n = 418) | 33 (7.9) | 23 (10.0) | 0 | 8 (14.5) | 2 (3.4) | 0.002 | 0.337 |
| MV, n (%) (n = 418) | 166 (39.7) | 89 (38.4) | 9 (12.3) | 37 (67.3) | 31 (52.5) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Vasopressors, n (%) (n = 418) | 112 (26.8) | 52 (22.5) | 5 (6.8) | 36 (65.5) | 19 (32.2) | 0.002 | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory results | |||||||
| WBC, cells × 109 (n = 404) | 16 (11.1–21) | 16.2 (11.4–20.3) | 14.7 (10.6–22) | 16.0 (10–21) | 17 (12.7–21.8) | 0.311 | 0.628 |
| CRP, mg/L (n = 339) | 100 (30–213) | 95 (21–215) | 106 (40–166) | 108 (39–258) | 139 (66–274) | 0.668 | 0.239 |
| Creatinine, µmol/L (n = 393) | 113 (78–190) | 112 (76–179) | 83 (66–107) | 194 (121–311) | 139 (95–218) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 (n = 294) | 55 (27–94) | 50 (26–80) | 82 (54–103) | 26 (10–45) | 43 (21–60) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| ASAT, U/L (n = 338) | 39 (24–82) | 39 (23–72) | 28 (20–35) | 122 (43–408) | 47 (28–135) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Amylase, U/L (n = 198) | 63 (35–132) | 66 (41–152) | 45 (28–54) | 114 (50–147) | 64 (30–151) | 0.002 | 0.204 |
| Troponin T, ng/L (n = 160) | 40 (13–134) | 31 (13–124) | 12 (12–20) | 141 (60–1071) | 48 (10–89) | 0.007 | < 0.001 |
| pH (n = 322) | 7.33 (7.23–7.4) | 7.33 (7.23–7.4) | 7.39 (7.3–7.44) | 7.26 (7.2–7.36) | 7.3 (7.2–7.4) | 0.017 | 0.045 |
| BE (n = 256) | − 6 (− 11; -1) | − 5 (− 11; 0) | − 1.5 (− 4, 1.) | − 8 (− 14, -5) | − 7 (− 12–3) | 0.017 | 0.020 |
| D-dimers, mg/L (n = 119) | 5 (2–10) | 4 (1.25–10) | 8 (5–13) | 5.5 (2–7) | 6 (0.65–17) | 0.028 | 0.550 |
| Lactate, mmol/L (n = 349) | 3.1 (1.6–6.7) | 3.2 (1.7–6.9) | 1.6 (1.3–2.6) | 4.3 (2–8.5) | 4.2 (2–7.3) | < 0.001 | 0.065 |
| Outcomes | |||||||
| Hospital mortality n (%) (n = 418) | 205 (49.0) | 114 (49.4) | 10 (13.7) | 40 (72.7) | 41 (69.5) | < 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Discharged n (%)c, (n = 418) Home | 146 (34.9/68.5) | 78 (33.8/66.7) | 55 (75.3/87.3) | 4 (7.3/26.7) | 9 (15.3/50) | ||
| Health-care facility | 67 (16.0/31.5) | 39 (16.9/33.3) | 8 (11.0/12.7) | 11 (20.0/73.3) | 9 (15.3/50) | 0.024 | < 0.001 |
| Hospital LOS, days(n = 415) | 11 (3–20) | 9 (3–18) | 12 (7–19) | 13 (3–37) | 13 (2–23) | 0.020 | 0.096 |
| ICU stay, days (n = 280) | 5 (2–13) | 4 (2–10) | 5 (2–10) | 6 (2–27) | 4.5 (1–12) | 0.723 | 0.109 |
| MV duration, days (n = 218) | 3 (1–10) | 3 (1–8) | 3 (1–6) | 10 (2–20) | 2 (0.4–6) | 0.746 | 0.003 |
| RRT n (%) (n = 418) | 81 (19.4) | 39 (16.9) | 5 (6.8) | 29 (52.7) | 8 (13.6) | 0.036 | < 0.001 |
| PN, days (n = 131) | 10 (4–18) | 9 (4–16) | 12 (4–19) | 14 (4–20) | 16 (4–71) | 0.479 | 0.249 |
| Stoma at discharge, n (%) (n = 213) | 58 (13.9) | 32 (13.9) | 10 (13.7) | 4 (7.3) | 12 (20.3) | 0.098 | 1 |
| PN at discharge, n (%) (n = 213) | 31 (7.4) | 17 (7.4) | 7 (9.6) | 1 (1.8) | 6 (10.2) | 0.648 | 0.692 |
| 30-day mortality, n (%) (n = 418) | 198 (47.4) | 113 (48.9) | 9 (12.3) | 36 (65.5) | 40 (67.8) | < 0.001 | 0.035 |
| 90-day mortality, n (%) (n = 418) | 223 (53.3) | 129 (55.8) | 12 (16.4) | 41 (74.5) | 41 (69.5) | < 0.001 | 0.014 |
(n = x) after the name of the variable always indicates number of patients included in the analysis for this specific variable. Data are presented in median (interquartile range) if not stated otherwise
AF atrial fibrillation, AH arterial hypertension, Art arterial occlusive AMI, ASAT aspartate aminotransferase, BE base excess, CRP C-reactive protein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ICU intensive care unit, LOS length of stay, MI myocardial infarction, MV mechanical ventilation, NOMI non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia, PN parenteral nutrition, RRT renal replacement therapy, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, Ven venous AMI, WBC white blood cells
aOther (n = 11; 2.6%): included specific mechanisms such as dissection, bowel distortion, mechanical devices for cardiac support and abdominal compartment syndrome/Unclear (n = 48; 11.5%)
bDisability was defined as need for any assistance in everyday life
cin parenthesis: percentage of all patients/percentage of discharged patients