Table 1.

Biomimetics studies in engineering applications.

Category	Animal	Anatomical Structures	Anatomical Advantages	Engineering Application	References
Flying	Birds	Limbs and feathers	The forces of lift, thrust, drag, and gravity influence the flight patterns of birds	Flapping UAVs	[7]
	Owls	Feathers	Fly silently and help to absorb aerodynamic sound and suppress vibrations when waves of sound come crushing over the wing	UAVs Wind turbines	[7]
	Wild geese	Wings	Ascending air current with less effort	AIRBUS	[8]
	Insects (dragonfly)	Multiple wings and legs	Pressure gradients for lift and thrust by flapping	small UAVs (micro aerial vehicles)	[9]
		Flapping wings	Wake capture occurs when wings change direction	Biomimetic MAV	[10]
	Insects (mosquito)	Flapping wing and membrane wing	Flaps at a moderately high frequency relative to similar insects	Miniature unmanned autonomous (robots)	[11]
	Bats	Limbs	The membrane of skin that stretches between arms and legs helps to produce lift	small UAVs (micro aerial vehicles)	[9,12,13]
Aquatic	Whale	Flipper (Tubercles effect)	Tubercles on the leading edge produce greater lift and less drag than a smooth surface fin	small UAVs (micro aerial vehicles)	[14,15,16,17,18,19]
	Tuna	Median fins	Hydrofoils produce sideways lift force when the fin plane is at an angle with the fluid flow direction	Autonomous underwater vehicles	[20,21]