Table 8.

ANNs within the context of bio-inspired optimization algorithms.

Metaheuristic optimization algorithms (e.g., genetic algorithms (GAs), ant colony optimization (ACO), differential evolution (DE) and particle swarm optimization (PSO)) can be used for the optimization of ANN parameters.

ANNs themselves can serve as optimization algorithms (Hopfield networks, Boltzmann machines).

ANNs can generate efficient approximations of complex objective functions subjected to optimization within metaheuristics.

They can be used for hyperparameter optimization of other machine learning algorithms.

They ensure extraction or simultaneous feature extraction with hyperparameter optimization