Table 13.

Advantages and disadvantages of plant-based algorithms.

Algorithm	Advantages	Disadvantages
Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA)	a good balance between exploration and exploitation good global search capabilities good for both continuous and discrete optimization problems fast convergence, especially in smooth and continuous search spaces simple and user-friendly	limited exploration in problems with irregular search spaces poor diversity of the population struggles with large-scale optimization problems (poor scalability) may become stuck in local optima sensitive to tuning of control parameters