TABLE 1.
Association between neighborhood gentrification and a prostate cancer diagnosis in the NCI‐Maryland Prostate Cancer Case–Control Study.
| AA + EA men | AA men | EA men | Low‐income men | Middle‐/high‐income men | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1, OR (95% CI) | Model 2, OR (95% CI) | Model 1, OR (95% CI) | Model 2, OR (95% CI) | Model 1, OR (95% CI) | Model 2, OR (95% CI) | Model 1, OR (95% CI) | Model 2, OR (95% CI) | Model 1, OR (95% CI) | Model 1, OR (95% CI) | |
| N = 1792 | N = 1792 | N = 884 | N = 884 | N = 908 | N = 908 | N = 453 | N = 453 | N = 1339 | N = 1339 | |
| Neighborhood gentrification 1990–2010 | ||||||||||
| Continuous, OR [95% CI] | 1.08 * [1.02, 1.15] | 1.07 * [1.01, 1.14] | 1.08 [0.99, 1.17] | 1.08 [0.99, 1.18] | 1.09 [1.00, 1.19] | 1.08 [0.99, 1.19] | 1.28 ** [1.10, 1.48] | 1.27 ** [1.10, 1.47] | 1.03 [0.96, 1.11] | 1.03 [0.96, 1.10] |
| Quintile, OR [95% CI] | ||||||||||
| Q1 (very low) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Q2 | 1.34 [0.99, 1.82] | 1.22 [0.89, 1.67] | 1.79 ** [1.20, 2.66] | 1.52 [1.00, 2.32] | 0.85 [0.52, 1.39] | 0.79 [0.48, 1.31] | 1.79 [0.98, 3.27] | 1.77 [0.97, 3.25] | 1.20 [0.84, 1.73] | 1.17 [0.81, 1.68] |
| Q3 | 1.09 [0.80, 1.49] | 1.09 [0.79, 1.50] | 1.70 * [1.09, 2.64] | 1.79 * [1.11, 2.88] | 0.72 [0.46, 1.13] | 0.70 [0.44, 1.10] | 2.13 * [1.10, 4.12] | 2.18 * [1.12, 4.25] | 0.85 [0.59, 1.22] | 0.87 [0.61, 1.25] |
| Q4 | 1.50 ** [1.10, 2.04] | 1.45 * [1.06, 2.00] | 1.31 [0.84, 2.04] | 1.24 [0.77, 2.00] | 1.55 * [1.01, 2.40] | 1.53 [0.98, 2.38] | 5.08 *** [2.52, 10.24] | 4.94 *** [2.44, 9.99] | 1.03 [0.72, 1.47] | 1.02 [0.71, 1.46] |
| Q5 (very high) | 1.43 * [1.05, 1.94] | 1.39 * [1.01, 1.91] | 1.41 [0.91, 2.17] | 1.45 [0.91, 2.32] | 1.36 [0.87, 2.11] | 1.31 [0.83, 2.04] | 2.89 ** [1.49, 5.60] | 2.86 ** [1.47, 5.56] | 1.13 [0.79, 1.61] | 1.10 [0.77, 1.58] |
| p trend | 0.016 | 0.024 | 0.193 | 0.149 | 0.025 | 0.036 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.683 | 0.764 |
Note: Neighborhood gentrification represents the sum of z scores of percent change of three socioeconomic indicators (i.e., college or more educated adults aged 25 or more, number of residents living below the federal poverty line, and median household income). The index was operationalized as continuous (higher scores indicates greater gentrification) and quintiles. Model 1 is adjusted for age at study entry (continuous), aspirin use (yes/no), family history of prostate cancer (first‐degree relatives, yes/no), diabetes history (yes/no), body mass index at study entry (continuous), self‐reported race (African American, European American, not included in race stratified analyses), smoking status (current, former, never, and missing). Model 2 additionally adjusted for education (high school or less, some college, college, professional school, and missing), individual income (not included in the income stratified analyses, <$30,000, $30,000–$60,000, $60,000–$90,000, >$90,000). The 95% confidence interval defines significance.
Abbreviations: AA, African American; CI, confidence interval; EA, European American; OR, odds ratio.
p < 0.05
p < 0.01
p < 0.001.