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bR embedded in a bilipid membrane, consisting of seven transmembrane α-helices, with one helix removed for clarity, and a chromophore called retinal. The red arrows and the corresponding numbers in yellow show the sequence of protonation events that occur during the transport of a proton from the cytoplasmic to extracellular side of the membrane. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [208], Copyright 2014, Elsevier).
