Table 1:
Demographic, surgical parameters and biomarkers by AKI outcome.
| No AKI | AKI | P | Missing data (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of cases | 1265 | 82 | ||
| Age, years | 65.00 (56.00, 71.00) | 67.50 (60.00, 75.00) | .009 | 0 |
| Male sex (%) | 729 (57.6) | 56 (68.3) | .075 | 0 |
| Height (cm) | 168 (162, 175) | 170 (166, 175) | .051 | 8.9 |
| Weight (kg) | 80.0 (69.0, 92.0) | 82.5 (69.9, 96.9) | .444 | 8.9 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.0 (24.7, 31.8) | 27.4 (24.7, 31.9) | .996 | 8.9 |
| Pre-existing conditions | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | 146 (11.5) | 19 (23.2) | .003 | 0 |
| Diabetes | 248 (19.6) | 17 (20.7) | .916 | 0 |
| Congestive cardiac failure | 20 (1.6) | 4 (4.9) | .079 | 0 |
| Hypertension | 697 (55.1) | 58 (70.7) | .008 | 0 |
| ASA-PS grade | .014 | 0.2 | ||
| Class 1 | 96 (7.6) | 2 (2.4) | ||
| Class 2 | 739 (58.6) | 39 (47.6) | ||
| Class 3 | 405 (32.1) | 38 (46.3) | ||
| Class 4 | 22 (1.7) | 3 (3.7) | ||
| Pre-operative medication | ||||
| ACE inhibitor/ARB | 471 (37.2) | 43 (52.4) | .009 | 0 |
| Frusemide | 46 (3.6) | 8 (9.8) | .014 | 0 |
| NSAIDs | 91 (7.2) | 6 (7.3) | 1 | 0 |
| Insulin | 51 (4.0) | 7 (8.5) | .082 | 0 |
| Pre-operative CPET | ||||
| Anaerobic threshold (mL/kg/min) | 12.00 (10.00, 14.70) | 11.50 (10.00, 13.07) | .377 | 17.6 |
| Peak oxygen consumption (mL/kg/min) | 18.50 (15.00, 22.00) | 18.10 (14.40, 21.80) | .46 | 12 |
| DASI | 42.70 (26.95, 52.95) | 38.20 (23.45, 50.70) | .25 | 0.5 |
| Surgical procedure | .037 | 0 | ||
| Vascular | 22 (1.7) | 5 (6.1) | ||
| Intra-thoracic | 31 (2.5) | 3 (3.7) | ||
| Intra-peritoneal or retro-peritoneal | 425 (33.6) | 36 (43.9) | ||
| Orthopaedic | 351 (27.7) | 16 (19.5) | ||
| Urologic or gynaecologic surgerya | 298 (23.6) | 18 (22.0) | ||
| Head and neck | 103 (8.1) | 3 (3.7) | ||
| Neurosurgery | 7 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Other | 28 (2.2) | 1 (1.2) | ||
| Minimally invasive surgery | 424 (33.5) | 26 (31.7) | .829 | 0 |
| General anaesthesia | 1036 (81.9) | 75 (91.5) | .040 | 0 |
| Any intra-op transfusion, % | 2.2 | 7.3 | .0167 | 0.2 |
| Post-op care | .002 | 0 | ||
| Intensive care unit | 107 (8.5) | 13 (15.9) | ||
| High-dependency unit | 152 (12.0) | 18 (22.0) | ||
| Surgical ward | 977 (77.2) | 51 (62.2) | ||
| Day surgery | 29 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Discharge status | <.001 | 0 | ||
| Home | 1228 (97.1) | 76 (92.7) | ||
| Rehabilitation facility | 36 (2.8) | 3 (3.7) | ||
| Died | 1 (0.1) | 3 (3.7) | ||
| One year mortality | 33 (2.7) | 6 (7.3) | .038 | 1.8 |
| Peri-operative creatinine, µmol/L | ||||
| Hospital pre-op | 74 (65, 87) | 82 (66, 99) | .004 | 0 |
| Day 1 | 73 (62, 85) | 117 (96, 146) | <.001 | 18 |
| Day 2 | 69 (59, 82) | 121 (94, 148) | <.001 | 37.2 |
| Day 3 | 66 (55, 78) | 93 (78, 133) | <.001 | 47.7 |
| Pre-operative study bloods | ||||
| Creatinine, µmol/L | 73 (63, 85) | 83 (65, 97) | .001 | 0 |
| eGFR-Cr, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 87.5 (75.9, 96.9) | 77.5 (62.1, 95.2) | <.001 | 0 |
| Cystatin C, mg/dL | 0.85 (0.74, 0.97) | 1.02 (0.79, 1.19) | <.001 | 0 |
| eGFR-Cysc, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 92.4 (75.8, 104.4) | 72.6 (57.8, 103.8) | <.001 | 0 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 82 (40, 160) | 129 (48, 426) | .001 | 0 |
| hs-CRP, mg/dL | 1.92 (0.85, 4.76) | 3.15 (1.26, 6.38) | .003 | 0 |
| Troponin-I, ng/mL | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | .307 | 0 |
Except where indicated, data are presented as n (%) or median (IQR).
aExcludes cystectomy and nephrectomy.
ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin-receptor blocker; NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.