Table 1.

Glossary of terms.

Term	Definition
Ectopic cambia	Vascular development where de novo cambia arise from dedifferentiation/redifferentiation of parenchyma cells generating multiple cambia nested in the same organ; a category of vascular variants (Cunha Neto, 2023).
Fissured vascular cylinder	Also called fissured stem; describes instances where differential cambial activity generates phloem wedges followed by disruption of the cambium continuity and dissection of vascular tissues; a type of cambial variant.
Phloem wedges	Defined as sectors of the cambium with increased production of secondary phloem and decreased amount of secondary xylem; a type of cambial variant.
Stem splitting	Describes the entire woody stem separating longitudinally into individual units, each unit comprising pith, secondary xylem, cambium, secondary phloem and periderm.
Typical growth	Stem development derived from a typical eustele and a single, bifacial cambium generating vascular tissue at homogeneous rates.