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. 2024 Jan 24;15:399. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-44549-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a. Schematic representation of serum proteome multiplexing of COVID-19-affected (COVID-19) infants. Infant blood specimens were collected from infants within the first 2 days of life born to healthy mothers (n = 7) or to SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers (n = 45). COVID-19-exposed infants were clustered according to pregnancy duration and the absence (-) (preterm n = 3, and term n = 27) or presence (+) (preterm n = 11, and term n = 4) of respiratory distress (RD). Created with BioRender.com. b Quantitative comparison of cytokines significantly altered (p < 0.05; −2 < FC > 2) in COVID-19 infants with or without respiratory distress, (−) or (+) RD, respectively, in contrast to cytokines observed in pre-term and term pregnancy in both groups. Quantitative analysis in all groups relative to healthy controls, p values were determined based on two-tailed Mann Whitney U Test considering fold-change ≥2 and FDR-adjusted p-value < 0.05. c. Enricher, Gene ontology biological pathways upregulated exclusive for COVID-19-exposed infants (+) RD pre-term compared with healthy controls; p values obtained from a one-way ANOVA with uncorrected Fisher’s test. Proteins upregulated and downregulated in infants from COVID-19 pregnancy (+) RD pre-term, related with (d) Th2 skewed response, (e) activation of cellular response and (f) inhibition of FC receptors. Data are presented as means ± SEMs, using 1-way one-way ANOVA with uncorrected Fisher’s test. ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005, ****p < 0.001; please see text for exact p values. g IPA predicted functional networks exclusive for COVID-19 pregnancy (+) RD pre-term compared with healthy controls. h Proteins differentially expressed (PDEs) associated with Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6 (STAT6) pathways among SARS-CoV-2 exposed uninfected preterm neonates. i PDEs associated with higher IgE production among SARS-CoV-2 exposed uninfected preterm neonates.