Table 2.
Maternal and infant demographics stratified by neonatal respiratory distress (RD)
| Variables | No RD (n = 165) | RD (n = 34) | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infant outcomes | |||
| Male Sex (%) | 80 (48.5) | 18 (52.9) | 0.776 |
| Vaginal Delivery (%) | 112(67.9) | 8 (23.5) | <0.001 |
| Preterm Delivery <37 wks | 14 (8.5) | 20 (58.8) | <0.001 |
| Low birth weight (<2500 g) | 9 (5.5) | 23 (67.6) | <0.001 |
| Maternal Predictors | |||
| Age (mean yrs (s.d.)) | 32.62 (6.02) | 33.41 (5.82) | 0.483 |
| Ethnicity | 0.479 | ||
| Asian, mixed race, or other | 42 (25.5) | 5 (15.6) | |
| Black, Hispanic, or Latino | 80 (48.5) | 17 (53.1) | |
| White | 43 (26.1) | 10 (31.2) | |
| Pulmonary Hypertension | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Autoimmune disorder | 15 (9.1) | 3 (8.8) | 1.000 |
| HIV positive | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Obesity pre-pregnancy | 42 (25.5) | 13 (38.2) | 0.191 |
| Diabetes | 7 (4.2) | 2 (5.9) | 1.000 |
| Congenital Heart Disease | 8 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.406 |
| Asthma | 20 (12.2) | 3 (8.8) | 0.800 |
| Substance Use | 8 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.414 |
| Pregnancy Complications | |||
| Chronic or Gestational Hypertension | 43 (26.1) | 17 (50.0) | 0.010 |
| Preeclampsia or HELLP | 18 (10.9) | 13 (38.2) | <0.001 |
| Gestational Diabetes | 27 (16.4) | 7 (20.6) | 0.730 |
| Chorioamnionitis | 15 (9.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.141 |
| Postpartum Hemorrhage | 11 (6.7) | 9 (26.5) | 0.001 |
| COVID Predictors | |||
| Vaccination prior to infection | 63 (40.9) | 5 (15.6) | 0.012 |
| Vaccination prior to delivery | 69 (41.8) | 6 (18.8) | 0.024 |
| Trimester of SARS-CoV-2 infection | 1.000 | ||
| First or second | 79 (47.9) | 16 (47.1) | |
| Third | 86 (52.1) | 18 (52.9) | |
| COVID severity | 0.009 | ||
| Asymptomatic, Mild, or Moderate | 156 (94.5) | 27 (79.4) | |
| Severe or Critical | 9 (5.5) | 7 (20.6) | |
| COVID symptoms | |||
| Fever | 40 (25.2) | 11 (39.3) | 0.188 |
| Cough, Rhinorrhea, Congestion | 130 (81.8) | 16 (59.3) | 0.017 |
| Dyspnea | 27 (17.0) | 9 (31.0) | 0.130 |
| Nausea/Vomiting, Abdominal Pain, Diarrhea | 25 (15.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.056 |
| Anosmia or Dysgeusia | 37 (23.3) | 6 (22.2) | 1.000 |
| Treatment | |||
| Remdesivir | 12 (7.3) | 7 (21.2) | 0.031 |
| Dexamethasone | 6 (3.6) | 7 (21.2) | 0.001 |
| Convalescent Plasma | 0 (0.0) | 4 (12.2) | <0.001 |
| Monoclonal Antibodies | 13 (7.9) | 2 (5.9) | 0.964 |
| Paxlovid | 2 (1.2) | 1 (3.0) | 1.000 |
| Variant | 0.757 | ||
| Ancestral and Others | 88 (53.3) | 19 (63.3) | |
| Alpha | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Delta | 23 (13.9) | 3 (10.0) | |
| Omicron | 53 (32.1) | 8 (26.7) | |
*p values were calculated based on one-sided Fisher’s exact test. We did not adjust for multiple comparisons because this portion of our analysis was exploratory.