Table 1.

Summary of studies relating urine microbiome to different forms of Immune-altered conditions.

Disease	Sample	Participants	Gender	References
Prostate cancer	Urogenital specimen	65 Cancer patients 65 benign biopsy patients	Male	(Shrestha et al., 2018)
Prostate cancer	Urogenital specimen	14 cancer patients 16 non cancer patients	Male	(Alanee et al., 2019)
Bladder cancer	Urogenital specimen	17 cancer patients 19 controls	Male	(Bučević et al., 2018)
Bladder cancer	Urogenital specimen	31 cancer patients 18 non cancer patients	Male	(Wu P. et al., 2018)
Bladder cancer	Mucosal tissue samples	22 cancerous tissues 12 normal tissues	Male	(Liu et al., 2019)
Bladder cancer	Urogenital specimen	29 cancer patients 26 non cancer patients	63% female 37% male	(Bi et al., 2019)
Bladder cancer	Urogenital specimen	73 cancer patients 26 non cancer patients	Male	(Zeng et al., 2020)
Kidney transplant	Urogenital specimen	35 patients 32 controls	28% male 78% female	(Wu J. F. et al., 2018)
Kidney transplant	Urogenital specimen	21 Patients 8 Controls	58% male 41% female	(Rani et al., 2017)
Kidney transplant	Urogenital specimen	21 renal transplants recipients 9 non transplant patients	14 Female 16 males	(Gerges-Knafl et al., 2020)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)	Bladder specimen	50 SLE patients 50 controls	44% female 56% male	(Liu et al., 2022)
Rheumatoid arthritis	Urogenital specimen	39 RA patients 37 healthy individuals	76.4%females 23.6% males	(Jin et al., 2023)