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. 2024 Jan 24;14:2051. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-52503-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hierarchical cluster analysis of the data for silicon accumulation (AcSi) and potassium (AcK), relative water content (WRC), water potential (WaterPotential), electrolyte leakage index (ELI), chlorophyll a content (Chla), chlorophyll b content (Chlb), and carotenoid content (Car), initial fluorescence (Fo), maximum fluorescence (Fm), quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), leaf dry mass (LDM), stem dry mass (StDM), and aboveground dry mass (ShDM) in common bean plants cultivated without (a) and with (b) potassium fertilization; and photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration (E), water use efficiency (WUE), and intrinsic carboxylation efficiency (EIC). In both experiments (without and with potassium fertilization), the plants were subjected to three water conditions: well-watered—WWD (80% of water retention capacity—WRC), moderate water deficit—MWD (60% of WRC), and severe water deficit—SWD (40% of WRC); combined with doses of Si provided through fertigation: 0, 4, 8, and 12 kg ha⁻¹.