| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| VA | Vitamin A |
| VC | Vitamin C |
| VE | Vitamin E |
| VD | Vitamin D |
| SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
| ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
| PCa | Prostatic cancer |
| LSD1 | Lysine-specific demethylase 1A |
| VDR | Vitamin D receptors |
| AR | Androgen receptor |
| ER | Estrogen receptors |
| JNK1 | c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases |
| HEK | Human embryonic kidney |
| DOK1 | Docking protein 1 |
| PPARγ | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma |
| ERK1/2 | The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 |
| akt | Protein kinase B |
| RAR-beta | Retinoic acid receptor beta |
| HIF-1-alpha | Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha |
| GLUT1 | Glucose transporter 1, |
| PD-L1 | Programmed death-ligand 1 |
| JAK2 | Janus kinase 2 |
| STAT3 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 |
| Ki-67 | Antigen Kiel 67 |
| MTD | Maximum tolerated dose |
| RP2D | Recommended phase 2 dose |
| OS | Overall survival |
| RFS | Recurrence-free survival |
| CRBP-1 | Cellular Retinol-Binding Protein 1 |
| RAR | Retinoic Acid Receptor |
| RXR | Retinoid X Receptor |
| IGF | Insulin-like growth factors |
| IGFBP3 | Insulin-like growth factors binding protein 3 |
| MDSCs | Myeloid-derived suppressor cell |
| RDA | Recommended dietary allowance |
| UL | Upper intake level |