Fig. 2.

Betaine alleviated microglial activation. (A) Representative images of Iba1 show the skeleton of microglia in the hippocampus among three groups, scale bar = 20 μm, 20× magnification (n = 4). (B–D) Quantitative analysis of soma volume, total process length, and total terminal points (n = 4). (E–H) Quantification of the number of intersections of projections in the sholl analysis (n = 4). (I–K) Representative confocal images of Iba1 and CD68 in the hippocampus among three groups, scale bar = 20 μm, 20× magnification (n = 4). (L–M) Quantitative analysis of Iba1⁺ cells area and density in the three groups (n = 4). (N) Quantification of Iba1⁺CD68⁺ cell numbers among the different groups (n = 4). Data were analyzed one-way analysis of variance followed for multiple comparisons. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.