Table 3.

Use of Other Pain Treatments in the past 3 months, Mental health counseling, and substances used by Prescription Opioid Use. Cell entries are n (%).

		USED PRESCRIPTION OPIOIDS?
	Total (n = 187)	Yes (n = 39)	No (n = 148)	p-value
Non-Pharmacological Professional Treatments
Massage	19 (10.2%)	6 (15.4%)	13 (8.8%)	0.225
Acupuncture/acupressure	13 (7.0%)	1 (2.6%)	12 (8.1%)	0.238
Physical Therapy	26 (13.9%)	13 (33.3%)	13 (8.8%)	< 0.001
Spinal Stimulator	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	N/A
Osteopathy/Chiropracty	11 (5.9%)	1 (2.6%)	10 (6.7%)	0.322
Biofeedback with Provider	1 (0.5%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.7%)	0.607
Mind-Body Treatments
Stretch, Strength or Aerobic Exercise	91 (48.9%)	25 (64.1%)	66 (44.9%)	0.033
Meditation	44 (23.5%)	10 (25.6%)	34 (23.0%)	0.727
Yoga	16 (8.6%)	3 (7.7%)	13 (8.8%)	0.828
Non-Pharmacological Self-Administered Treatments
Biofeedback	2 (1.1%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (1.4%)	0.536
Self-administered TENS	6 (3.2%)	1 (2.6%)	5 (3.4%)	0.797
Heat/Cold	96 (51.3%)	21 (53.8%)	75 (50.7%)	0.725
Rubs/Trigger Point Massage	62 (33.5%)	14 (36.8%)	48 (32.7%)	0.626
Pain Injections	16 (8.6%)	4 (10.3%)	12 (8.1%)	0.670
Saw Mental Health Counselor	38 (20.3%)	6 (15.4%)	32 (21.6%)	0.389
Recent Alcohol Use	77 (41.2%)	15 (38.5%)	62 (41.9%)	0.699
Recent Benzodiazepine Use	30 (16.1%)	12 (30.8%)	18 (12.2%)	0.005
Recent Marijuana Use	84 (45.2%)	17 (43.6%)	67 (45.6%)	0.824
Recent Heroin Use	2 (1.1%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (1.4%)	0.465
Recent Cocaine Use	20 (10.7%)	0 (0.0%)	20 (13.5%)	0.015
Recent Amphetamine Use	12 (6.4%)	1 (2.6%)	11 (7.4%)	0.270