Table 2.
Food intake and body composition after bariatric surgery and caloric intervention in the experimental groups
| Determination | Sham surgery (n = 20) | SG (n = 19) | Pair-fed SG (n = 15) | SADI-S (n = 17) | Pair-fed SADI-S (n = 20) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 78 ± 2 | 80 ± 1 | 85 ± 4 | 64 ± 3***,ΔΔΔ,§§§ | 87 ± 3 | < 0.001 |
| Insulin (ng/mL) | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 3.6 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 1.62 ± 0.23***,ΔΔΔ | 2.8 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
| Adpn (µg/mL) | 19.8 ± 3.0 | 19.8 ± 3.0 | 15.2 ± 2.3 | 13.6 ± 3.0 | 19.6 ± 3.5 | 0.434 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 4.6 ± 0.58 | 4.03 ± 0.43 | 5.68 ± 0.88 | 0.38 ± 0.06***,ΔΔΔ,§§§ | 3.26 ± 0.49 | < 0.001 |
| Adpn/Lep ratio | 4.05 ± 0.79 | 4.92 ± 1.01 | 2.70 ± 0.41 | 32.23 ± 7.78***,ΔΔΔ,§§§ | 7.37 ± 1.75 | < 0.001 |
| Total ghrelin (ng/mL) | 0.53 ± 0.06 | 0.42 ± 0.07 | 0.45 ± 0.07 | 2.02 ± 0.43***,ΔΔΔ,§§§ | 0.67 ± 0.10 | < 0.001 |
| GLP-1 (pg/mL) | 6.9 ± 1.3 | 8.3 ± 2.0 | 5.8 ± 1.5 | 14.5 ± 3.1*,Δ,§ | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 0.011 |
| GIP (pg/mL) | 51.3 ± 8.9 | 36.6 ± 3.8 | 33.8 ± 3.9 | 30.8 ± 5.9 | 56.0 ± 8.7 | 0.052 |
| HOMA | 0.98 ± 0.11 | 0.95 ± 0.10 | 1.01 ± 0.12 | 0.31 ± 0.01***,ΔΔΔ | 0.76 ± 0.08 | < 0.001 |
| QUICKI | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.01 | 0.49 ± 0.01***,ΔΔΔ | 0.41 ± 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| FFA (mg/dL) | 18.3 ± 0.8 | 21.6 ± 1.0 | 24.1 ± 1.3 | 17.7 ± 1.3§ | 22.1 ± 1.4 | 0.005 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 61.1 ± 3.1 | 59.7 ± 3.6 | 61.5 ± 1.9 | 45.0 ± 4.4**,Δ,§§ | 65.6 ± 2.6 | 0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL)) | 143 ± 13 | 115 ± 12 | 133 ± 16 | 95 ± 17 | 120 ± 15 | 0.071 |
| Glycerol (mg/dL) | 0.018 ± 0.002 | 0.018 ± 0.001 | 0.023 ± 0.001 | 0.016 ± 0.001 | 0.026 ± 0.001 | 0.920 |
| Adipo-IR | 23.8 ± 3.2 | 27.5 ± 3.3 | 27.1 ± 3.2 | 8.7 ± 1.8*,ΔΔ | 15.9 ± 3.8 | < 0.001 |
| Liver (g) | 13.2 ± 0.4 | 12.5 ± 0.4 | 12.3 ± 0.3 | 7.7 ± 0.3***,ΔΔΔ,§§§ | 10.4 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
| Liver (g/100 g BW) | 2.59 ± 0.05 | 2.45 ± 0.07 | 2.37 ± 0.05 | 2.45 ± 0.07§§ | 2.25 ± 0.03 | < 0.001 |
| Intrahepatic TG (mg/g liver) | 5.0 ± 0.7 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.8* | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 0.032 |
Values presented as the mean ± SEM. Differences between groups were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Bold lettering indicates statistically significant values
Adipo-IR, adipose tissue insulin resistance index; Adpn, adiponectin; FFA, free fatty acids; GIP, gastric inhibitory polypeptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; SADI-S, single anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy; SG, sleeve gastrectomy; TG, triglycerides
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 vs. sham-operated group; Δp < 0.05, ΔΔp < 0.01, and ΔΔΔp < 0.001 vs. SG group; §p < 0.05, §§p < 0.01, and §§§p < 0.001 vs. the corresponding pair-fed group