Table 2.

Potential risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pulmonary adverse events

Combination of ICIs (especially PD-L1 and CTLA-4)Combination of EGFR-TKIs and ICIsConcomitant or sequential ICI and thoracic radiationPrior thoracic radiationPrior chemotherapyPreexisting obstructive lung diseases (asthma, COPD)Preexisting interstitial lung diseasePreexisting connective tissue diseaseImmunosuppressive treatmentPoor performance status (ECOG PS) of ≥ 2NSCLC compared with melanomaCertain histologies (adenocarcinoma compared to other NSCLC histologic subtypes)Smoking history

COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; CTLA-4, Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; EGFR, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor; ICIs, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; NSCLC, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer; PD-L1, Programmed Death-Ligand 1; TKIs, Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors.