. 2023 Nov 22;35(1):127–138. doi: 10.1007/s00192-023-05674-3

Table 2.

Comparison of intravaginal dynamometry and ultrasound imaging outcomes before and after an acute bout of running between runners with and without running-induced stress urinary incontinence

	Before the run						After the run
	No RI-SUI			RI-SUI			No RI-SUI			RI-SUI			Between-group		Within-group		Interaction
	Mean	n	SD	Mean	n	SD	Mean	n	SD	Mean	n	SD	p value	Cohen's d	p value	Cohen's d	p value	Cohen's d
Dynamometry outcomes during MVC
Baseline (N)	7.90	17	2.68	7.62	12	2.79	7.28	17	2.59	7.27	12	2.16	0.875	0.06	0.172	0.54	0.702	0.14
Relative peak force (N)	3.23	17	1.56	4.21	12	1.29	3.73	17	1.89	4.16	12	1.36	0.232	0.47	0.158	0.56	0.096	0.66
Rate of force development (N/s)	8.20	17	7.09	11.21	12	3.89	8.86	17	7.88	10.29	12	4.84	0.357	0.36	0.792	0.11	0.125	0.61
Endurance (s)	2.23	16	0.55	2.58	12	0.82	2.12	16	1.19	2.33	12	0.70	0.336	0.39	0.288	0.42	0.670	0.17
Dynamometry outcomes during passive elongation
Baseline (N)	1.21	16	0.74	1.55	13	1.39	1.27	16	0.82	1.45	13	1.38	0.527	0.25	0.773	0.11	0.144	0.58
Relative peak force (N)	12.73	16	5.60	9.72	13	4.19	12.02	16	7.01	9.48	13	3.38	0.169	0.54	0.229	0.47	0.551	0.23
Stiffness (N/s)	34.25	16	10.96	25.50	13	11.09	31.58	16	11.60	25.14	13	8.60	0.056	0.77	0.228	0.47	0.355	0.36
Stress relaxation coefficient	-7.20	16	2.26	-7.54	13	2.59	-7.12	16	2.41	-6.87	13	2.30	0.947	0.00	0.548	0.24	0.638	0.18
3D ultrasound measurements at rest
Area (cm²)	15.65	18	4.29	18.00	17	5.35	16.37	18	4.88	18.84	17	5.16	0.153	0.51	0.002	1.19	0.792	0.09
AP diameter (cm)	5.23	18	0.80	5.52	17	0.77	5.36	18	0.86	5.68	17	0.74	0.257	0.40	0.021	0.84	0.727	0.13
ML diameter (cm)	3.86	18	0.46	4.23	17	0.73	3.86	18	0.45	4.21	17	0.64	0.068	0.66	0.870	0.06	0.883	0.06
3D ultrasound measurements on MVM
Area (cm²)	19.52	18	4.97	21.74	18	5.89	19.73	18	4.65	21.94	18	6.16	0.239	0.43	0.608	0.19	0.994	0.00
AP diameter (cm)	5.71	18	0.74	6.08	18	0.76	5.75	18	0.76	6.16	18	0.68	0.109	0.59	0.559	0.21	0.831	0.06
ML diameter (cm)	4.31	18	0.63	4.57	18	0.78	4.31	18	0.53	4.51	18	0.75	0.327	0.36	0.521	0.23	0.555	0.21
2D ultrasound measurements at rest
BN height (mm)	17.98	19	5.13	16.22	17	3.57	14.66	19	4.54	13.92	17	4.19	0.379	0.31	< 0.001	2.09	0.276	0.38
LP length (mm)	54.88	19	7.48	55.81	18	7.31	57.94	19	9.40	60.01	18	8.10	0.554	0.20	< 0.001	1.34	0.539	0.21
2D ultrasound measurements on MVC
BN height (mm)	20.83	18	4.88	19.57	17	3.91	18.45	18	5.01	18.65	17	4.27	0.721	0.13	0.002	1.20	0.135	0.53
LP length (mm)	45.37	18	8.05	45.52	18	6.23	45.60	18	8.75	45.02	18	5.91	0.929	0.00	0.768	0.11	0.443	0.26
2D ultrasound measurements on MVM
BN height (mm)	8.26	19	6.04	7.32	17	3.83	6.26	19	5.61	5.46	17	4.20	0.594	0.18	< 0.001	1.41	0.877	0.06
LP length (mm)	60.86	17	7.48	60.85	18	9.92	62.96	17	8.60	62.86	18	9.27	0.985	0.00	0.070	0.65	0.963	0.00

RI-SUI running-induced stress urinary incontinence, MVC maximal voluntary contraction, MVM maximal Valsalva maneuver, 2D 2-dimensional, 3D 3-dimensional, BN bladder neck, LP levator plate, AP antero-posterior, ML medio-lateral, N/s Newtons per second, SD standard deviation

Significant differences (α = ≤ 0.05) are indicated in bold