Table 3.

Assessment of the change in position of the bladder neck and levator plate on ultrasound imaging between runners with and those without running-induced stress urinary incontinence

	Before the run						After the run
	No RI-SUI			RI-SUI			No RI-SUI			RI-SUI			Between-group		Within-group		Interaction
	Mean	n	SD	Mean	n	SD	Mean	n	SD	Mean	n	SD	p value	Cohen's d	p value	Cohen's d	p value	Cohen's d
3D ultrasound change on MVM
Area (cm2)	3.23	18	2.16	2.92	18	2.20	3.01	18	2.01	2.09	18	2.34	0.371	0.33	0.127	0.57	0.379	0.32
AP diameter (cm)	0.46	18	0.62	0.42	18	0.54	0.35	18	0.55	0.27	18	0.36	0.694	0.14	0.136	0.55	0.809	0.09
ML diameter (cm)	0.33	18	0.28	0.30	18	0.23	0.32	18	0.23	0.26	18	0.33	0.574	0.20	0.527	0.23	0.685	0.14
2D ultrasound change on MVC
BN height (mm)	2.41	18	2.75	4.36	17	4.10	3.57	18	2.94	4.48	17	2.97	0.163	0.50	0.143	0.52	0.234	0.42
LP length (mm)	-9.70	18	4.60	-11.06	18	4.71	-10.84	18	5.65	-12.95	18	5.48	0.276	0.38	0.034	0.76	0.583	0.19
2D ultrasound change on MVM
BN height (mm)	-9.71	19	4.00	-8.90	17	4.33	-8.40	19	3.73	-8.46	17	4.04	0.77	0.11	0.041	0.73	0.296	0.36
LP length (mm)	6.00	17	7.34	5.05	18	5.08	4.63	17	5.33	2.84	18	3.77	0.444	0.27	0.004	1.08	0.471	0.26

Negative values indicate a shortening of the levator plate or a caudal descent of BN height

RI-SUI running-induced stress urinary incontinence, MVC maximal voluntary contraction, MVM maximal Valsalva maneuver, 2D 2-dimensional, 3D 3-dimensional, BN bladder neck, LP levator plate, AP antero-posterior, ML medio-lateral, SD standard deviation

Significant differences (α =  ≤ 0.05) are indicated in bold