Table 4.
The effects of running on intravaginal dynamometry and ultrasound imaging outcomes in runners with running-induced stress urinary incontinence, stratified by whether or not leakage was provoked by the running protocol
| Before the run | After the run | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Did not leak | Leaked | Did not leak | Leaked | Between-group | Within-group | Interaction | ||||||||||||
| Mean | n | SD | Mean | n | SD | Mean | n | SD | Mean | n | SD | p value | Cohen's d | p value | Cohen's d | p value | Cohen's d | |
| Dynamometry outcomes during MVC | ||||||||||||||||||
| Relative peak force (N) | 4.38 | 5 | 1.56 | 4.08 | 7 | 1.19 | 4.37 | 5 | 1.50 | 4.02 | 7 | 1.36 | 0.689 | 0.26 | 0.860 | 0.11 | 0.902 | 0.09 |
| Rate of force development (N/s) | 11.66 | 5 | 3.18 | 10.89 | 7 | 4.55 | 11.35 | 5 | 4.23 | 9.53 | 7 | 5.42 | 0.624 | 0.32 | 0.254 | 0.77 | 0.463 | 0.48 |
| Dynamometry outcomes during passive elongation | ||||||||||||||||||
| Relative peak force (N) | 11.49 | 5 | 6.04 | 8.61 | 8 | 2.36 | 11.07 | 5 | 4.95 | 8.48 | 8 | 1.62 | 0.210 | 0.80 | 0.587 | 0.34 | 0.770 | 0.18 |
| Stiffness (N/s) | 29.48 | 5 | 14.37 | 23.02 | 8 | 8.63 | 29.27 | 5 | 11.51 | 22.56 | 8 | 5.58 | 0.224 | 0.78 | 0.884 | 0.09 | 0.957 | 0.00 |
| 3D ultrasound measurements at rest | ||||||||||||||||||
| Area (cm2) | 17.04 | 6 | 6.53 | 18.53 | 11 | 4.85 | 17.48 | 6 | 5.55 | 19.59 | 11 | 5.05 | 0.513 | 0.35 | 0.066 | 1.02 | 0.433 | 0.41 |
| 3D ultrasound measurements on MVM | ||||||||||||||||||
| Area (cm2) | 21.62 | 5 | 7.56 | 21.80 | 11 | 5.40 | 21.64 | 5 | 8.57 | 22.08 | 11 | 5.24 | 0.926 | 0.06 | 0.831 | 0.11 | 0.851 | 0.11 |
| 2D ultrasound measurements at rest | ||||||||||||||||||
| BN height (mm) | 15.80 | 6 | 2.27 | 16.44 | 11 | 4.20 | 14.94 | 6 | 3.30 | 13.37 | 11 | 4.66 | 0.812 | 0.13 | 0.006 | 1.64 | 0.094 | 0.92 |
| LP length (mm) | 51.18 | 6 | 6.88 | 58.12 | 12 | 6.60 | 53.48 | 6 | 5.63 | 63.28 | 12 | 7.21 | 0.013 | 1.40 | 0.026 | 1.22 | 0.363 | 0.47 |
| 2D ultrasound measurements on MVC | ||||||||||||||||||
| BN height (mm) | 18.14 | 7 | 3.88 | 20.58 | 10 | 3.79 | 18.76 | 7 | 3.06 | 18.58 | 10 | 5.11 | 0.572 | 0.30 | 0.268 | 0.59 | 0.045 | 1.13 |
| LP length (mm) | 42.90 | 7 | 6.81 | 47.19 | 11 | 5.51 | 41.59 | 7 | 5.62 | 47.21 | 11 | 5.18 | 0.085 | 0.92 | 0.283 | 0.56 | 0.270 | 0.57 |
| 2D ultrasound measurements on MVM | ||||||||||||||||||
| BN height (mm) | 8.89 | 6 | 2.68 | 6.46 | 11 | 4.19 | 7.71 | 6 | 2.48 | 4.23 | 11 | 4.52 | 0.141 | 0.80 | 0.003 | 1.84 | 0.290 | 0.57 |
| LP length (mm) | 56.23 | 6 | 11.25 | 63.17 | 12 | 8.78 | 55.55 | 6 | 7.42 | 66.51 | 12 | 8.00 | 0.039 | 1.12 | 0.478 | 0.36 | 0.288 | 0.55 |
MVC maximal voluntary contraction, MVM maximal Valsalva maneuver, 2D 2-dimensional, 3D 3-dimensional, BN bladder neck, LP levator plate, N/s, Newtons per second, SD standard deviation
Significant differences (α = ≤ 0.05) are indicated in bold