Table 2.
The role of gender in temperamental and clinical characteristics of BPD.
| Authors | Study design | States | Sample characteristics | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amerio et al. (2023) (9) | Cross sectional | Italy |
N = 207 BPD patients ♀ 140 ♂ 67 |
♀ > ♂ alexithymia, hopelessness and sensory sensitivity ♀ > ♂ restraint coping and use of instrumental social support |
| Banzhaf et al. (2012) (49) | Cross sectional | Germany |
N = 171 BPD patients ♀114 ♂56 |
♂ dissocial behaviors ♀ neuroticism and agreeableness |
| Barnow et al. (2007) (15) | Cross sectional | Germany |
N = 202 BPD patients ♀ 67.3% ♂32.7% |
♂ BPD: novelty seeking and harm avoidance ♀ BPD: harm avoidance, but not novelty seeking |
| De Moor et al. (2009) (5) | Cross sectional | Netherlands |
N = 6.838 subjects ♀ 3,551 ♂ 3,287 |
♀ > ♂ borderline characteristics for affective instability (depression and anxiety), disturbed relationships, but not for self-harm ♀ > ♂ identity disturbance |
| Johnson et al. (2003) (13) | Cross sectional | United States | N = 240 ♀175 ♂65 |
Men and women displayed more similarities than differences ♀ > ♂ identity disturbance |
| Marchetto et al. (2006) (10) | Cross sectional | United Kingdom |
N = 516 ♀250 ♂266 |
No gender differences in BPD with regard to specific kind of self-harm conducts |
| McCormick et al. (2007) (4) | Cross sectional | United States |
N = 163 BPD patients ♀138 ♂ 25 |
♀ > ♂ depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive |
| Newhill et al., 2009 (37) | Longitudinal study | United States |
N = 220 BPD patients ♀ 116 ♂ 104 |
No gender differences in aggression of BPD patients |
| Scott et al. (2014) (52) | Longitudinal study | United States |
N = 75 psychiatric outpatients +75 community residents ♀ 98 ♂ 52 |
No gender differences in aggression of BPD patients |
| Sher et al. (2019) (8) | Cross sectional | United States |
N = 511 BPD patients ♀ 203 ♂ 145 |
♀ < ♂ physical aggression |
| Silberschmidt et al. (2015) (7) | Cross sectional | United States |
N = 770 patients ♀ 559 ♂ 211 males |
No gender differences in aggression of BPD patients ♀ > ♂ hostility |
| Tadić et al. (2009) (6) | Cross sectional | Germany |
N = 159 BPD patients ♀ 110 ♂ 49 |
♀ > ♂ affective instability ♀ < ♂outbursts of anger |
| Vaillancourt et al. (2014) (50) | Cross sectional | Canada |
N = 484 adolescents with BPD features ♀ 55% ♂ 45% |
Aggression was found a predictor for the early diagnosis of BPD: ♂ relational aggression ♀ physical aggression |
| Zanarini et al. (2011) (3) | Longitudinal study | United States |
N = 6.330 adolescent subjects ♀ 3,273 ♂ 3,057 N = 34,653 adults subjects ♀ 14,564 ♂ 20,089 |
♀ > ♂ higher level of mood reactivity and chronic feelings of emptiness ♀ < ♂ impulsivity other than self-destructive acts |
| Zlotnick et al. (2002) (12) | Cross sectional | United States |
N = 139 ♀105 ♂44 |
No different level of emotional distress or overall impairment at clinical presentation in BPD ♀ compared with BPD ♂ |
BPD, borderline personality disorder; ♂, men; ♀, women.