Table 5.

Gender differences in treatment utilization.

Authors	Study design	States	Sample characteristics	Outcomes
Dehlbom et al. (2022) (56)	Cross sectional study	Sweden	N = 5,530 BPD patients ♀ 4.728 ♂ 802	♀ > ♂ pharmacological and psychological treatments
Goodman et al. (2010) (76)	Cross sectional study	United States	N = 495 BPD patients ♀ 409 ♂ 86	♀ < ♂ levels of use of drug/alcohol rehabilitation services ♀ > ♂ psychotherapeutic and pharmacological interventions.
McCormick et al. (2007) (4)	Cross sectional study	United States	N = 163 BPD patients ♀ 138 ♂ 25	No significant differences in the use of mental health services or in the propensity to psychiatric medication and psychotherapeutic interventions.
Tomko et al. (2014) (82)	Epidemiologic survey Second wave of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC)	United States	N = 34,481 subjects ♀ 19,984 ♂ 14,497	♀ > ♂ psychiatric treatment utilization (not statistical significance)

BPD, borderline personality disorder; ♂, men; ♀, women.