FIGURE 2.

Metabolic impairment in kidney injury and reprogramming in kidney repair. During acute kidney injury, the deprivation of nutrients and oxygen results in a reduction in energy production, primarily marked by the suppression of glycolysis and mitochondrial bioenergetics. The maladaptive kidney repair is characterized by a shift in energy production from mitochondrial bioenergetics to glycolysis. The impairment of pathways such as the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), amino acid metabolism, and ketone body metabolism varies depending on the specific pathological conditions.