Table 1. Challenges in patient safety culture.

Challenges	Description
Organizational culture	Shared beliefs, values, and behaviors that affect patient safety initiatives. Lack of emphasis hinders safety measures and discourages incident reporting [23].
Communication	Vital to accurate information transfer among healthcare professionals, patients, and their families [24].
Leadership commitment	Influence of leadership on staff engagement and commitment to patient safety practices [25].
Individual factors	Attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors hinder the adoption of safety practices, leading to resistance to change [26].
Insufficient resources	Staffing, technology, and training deficits impact safety protocols, potentially leading to more incidents [27].
Resistance to change	Staff resistance to adopting new safety measures due to various factors [28].
Time pressures	Workloads and time constraints that compromise adherence to safety protocols, affecting patient safety [29].